Climate Governance and Federalism: A Forum of Federations Comparative Policy Analysis

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Notes on Editors and Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
1 Climate Governance and Federalism: An Introduction
1.1 The Challenges of Climate Change Governance
1.2 The Intersection of Federalism and Climate Governance
1.2.1 Cutting Both Ways
1.2.2 Federalism as Facilitator
1.2.3 Federalism as Hindrance
1.3 Varieties of Federalism and Other Variables
1.3.1 Varieties of Federalism
1.3.2 Societal and Economic Factors
1.4 Looking Ahead
Notes
References
2 Climate Governance and Federalism in Australia
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Australian Conundrum
2.2.1 Contributions
2.2.2 Consequences
2.2.3 International Commitments
2.3 Climate Governance and the Federal System
2.3.1 The Division of Powers in Theory and Practice
2.3.2 Climate Change Governance and the Division of Powers
2.3.3 Cooperative Federalism in Australia
2.4 Climate Change Politics and Policy in Australian Federalism
2.4.1 Ideology and Partisanship
2.4.2 Regional Variation
2.4.3 Stasis: The Commonwealth
2.4.4 Enter the States
2.4.4.1 Individual State Action
2.4.4.2 Collective State Action
2.4.5 Commonwealth Takes the Lead: The Carbon Tax
2.4.6 Axing the Tax
2.4.7 Back to the States
2.5 Analysis and Assessment
2.5.1 Federalism as Facilitator of Climate-Change Governance
2.5.2 Federalism as Hindrance
2.6 Conclusion
Notes
References
3 Climate Governance and Federalism in Brazil
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Practice of Federalism in Brazil
3.3 Climate Change in Brazil
3.3.1 Contributions to Climate Change and Its Impacts
3.4 Climate Change and Federalism in Brazil
3.4.1 Climate Change Commitments
3.4.2 Climate Change at State Level
3.4.3 Climate Change at Municipal Level
3.4.4 Climate Change Policy Construction Process
3.5 Climate Policy and Federalism in Brazil: The Role of the Subnational Level
3.5.1 The Favourable Context for Decentralized Policymaking
3.5.2 The Scope for Experimental Policymaking and Associated Learning
3.6 Conclusion
Notes
References
4 Climate Governance and Federalism in Canada
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climate Change in Canada
4.2.1 Varieties of Climate Federalism
4.2.2 The 'Joint Decision Trap'
4.2.3 Leaders without Followers
4.2.4 The Federal Backstop
4.3 Carbon Pricing in the Canadian Federation
4.3.1 Federal Retreat, Provincial Laboratories of Democracy
4.3.2 The Pan-Canadian Framework
4.3.3 The Federal Backstop
4.3.4 A Pan-Canadian Patchwork
4.4 Conclusion
Notes
References
5 Climate Governance and Quasi-Federalism in China
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Climate Change in China
5.3 Climate Change and Quasi-Federalism in China
5.3.1 China's Quasi-Federalism: Structures and Division of Powers
5.3.2 How the Quasi-Federalist System Works
5.3.3 Mechanisms of China's Quasi-Federalism
5.3.3.1 Target-Responsibility System
5.3.3.2 Inclusion of Environmental Performance in Local Officials' Promotion
5.3.3.3 Fiscal Incentives
5.3.3.4 Central Inspection System for Ecological and Environmental Protection
5.3.3.5 Public Participation
5.4 Case Study
5.4.1 An Analytical Framework
5.4.2 Case of Climate Mitigation: Pilot Low-Carbon City Initiative
5.4.2.1 Agenda Setting
5.4.2.2 Formulation and Adoption of Low-Carbon Policy
5.4.2.3 Implementation
5.4.2.4 Supervision and Evaluation
5.5 Conclusion
Notes
References
6 Climate Governance and Federalism in Ethiopia
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Trends, Patterns, and Impacts of Climate Change in Ethiopia: An Overview
6.2.1 Climate Change Trends and Patterns
6.2.2 Impact of Climate Change
6.3 Policy and Institutional Frameworks and Responses to Climate Change in Ethiopia
6.3.1 Policy and Institutional Framework
6.3.2 Responses to Climate Change
6.4 Climate Change Governance and Federalism in Ethiopia
6.4.1 Ethno-federalism in Ethiopia
6.4.2 Division of Power
6.5 Implication of Ethiopia's Ethnic-Based Federalism on Climate Change Governance
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Climate Governance and Federalism in the European Union
7.1 Introduction
7.2 EU Climate Change Commitments, GHG Emissions, and Climate Impact
7.3 Climate Governance in the Context of an Evolving EU Integration Process
7.3.1 The Quasi-federal Nature of the EU
7.3.2 Architecture of the EU
7.3.3 Climate Change and the EU Division of Powers
7.4 EU Climate Mitigation as a Product of Federal Dynamics and Variables
7.4.1 The EU as an 'Opportunity Structure' for Policy Innovation, Diffusion, and Interactive Learning
7.4.2 The 'Competitive Cooperation' between the Council and the Commission
7.4.3 Multilevel Reinforcing Mechanisms: Linking the EU and Regional/Local Governments and Communities
7.5 Adaptation Action in the EU
7.5.1 The EU Initiative and Financial Assistance as Key Factors to Catalyse Adaptation Action in Member States
7.5.2 Adaptation as a Cross-Cutting Policy Area across Multiple Scales: Progress and Challenges
7.6 Conclusion
Notes
References
8 Climate Governance and Federalism in Germany
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Climate Change in Germany
8.3 Climate Change and Federalism in Germany
8.3.1 The Division of Powers in German Federalism
8.3.2 The Role of the Länder in Implementing Federal Law
8.3.3 Integrated and Cooperative Federalism
8.3.4 Energy Mixes and Climate Governance in the German Länder
8.3.5 Coal States
8.3.6 Nuclear/Solar Energy States
8.3.7 Wind States
8.3.8 Energy Importer States
8.3.9 City-States
8.4 Discussion
8.5 Conclusion
Notes
References
9 Climate Governance and Federalism in India
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Climate Change and India
9.3 India's Top-Heavy Federalism
9.4 Emergent Climate Corrections to Top-Heavy Federalism
9.4.1 Federal Finance Flows
9.4.1.1 Environmental Focus in Finance Commissions
9.4.1.2 Central Schemes in Climate-Relevant Sectors
9.4.1.3 Federal Financial Experiments
9.4.2 Central Frameworks and Capacity
9.4.2.1 Central Frameworks for State Climate Policies
9.4.2.2 The Centre's Influence on Capacity
9.4.3 Political Translation in the States
9.4.3.1 Experiments with Co-benefits
9.4.3.2 Vertical Diffusion and Institutional Innovation
9.5 Conclusion
Notes
References
10 Climate Governance and Decentralization in Indonesia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Climate Change and Land Use Emissions in Indonesia
10.2.1 Climate Change Mitigation Commitments in the Land Use Sector
10.3 Changing Features of Decentralization in Indonesia: From Decentralization to Recentralization
10.4 Climate Governance in the Context of Decentralization
10.4.1 Central Government Climate Change Architecture in the Land Use Sector
10.4.2 Provincial and District Level Climate Change Planning and Implementation
10.4.3 Decentralization and Perverse Land Use Incentives Undermining Forest-Based Mitigation
10.5 Decentralization, Forest-Based Mitigation, and Jurisdictional Approaches to Climate Change
10.5.1 REDD+ and the Rationale for Jurisdictional Approaches
10.5.2 Jurisdictional REDD+ in Indonesia
10.5.3 The Scramble for Control Over the REDD+ Policy Mandate at National Level
10.5.4 The Governor's Climate and Forests Task Force and Jurisdictional REDD+
10.5.5 Provincial Governments' Visions on Climate and Forest
10.5.6 Relations between the National and Provincial Governments
10.6 Conclusion
Notes
References
11 Climate Governance and Federalism in Mexico
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Background and Context
11.2.1 Contributions to Climate Change
11.2.2 Impact of Climate Change in Mexico
11.2.3 Commitments in Relation to Climate Change
11.2.3.1 Nationally Determined Contribution Commitments
11.3 Federalism and Climate Change Policy
11.3.1 Introduction to the Mexican Federal System
11.3.2 Climate Policy and Federal Governance
11.3.3 Laws, Policies, Institutions, and Initiatives Developed for Climate Mitigation and Adaptation
11.3.3.1 Legal Framework
11.3.3.2 Planning Instruments
11.3.3.3 Institutional Arrangements
11.3.3.4 State Climate Policy
11.4 Federal Governance and Climate Change: The Case of Yucatan
11.4.1 Flexibility, Experimentation, and Innovation
11.4.1.1 State Perspective: State of Yucatan
11.4.1.2 Regional Perspective: Peninsula of Yucatan Agenda
11.4.1.3 Local Perspective: Puuc Inter-Municipal Biocultural Board, Intermunicipal Decentralised Public Agency (JIBIOPUUC)
11.5 Conclusion
Notes
References
12 Climate Governance and Federalism in South Africa
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Climate Change in South Africa
12.2.1 Challenges, Contributions and Impact
12.2.2 Climate Change Commitments
12.3 Federalism in South Africa
12.3.1 Introduction and Historical Context
12.3.2 The Distribution of Power
12.4 Climate Change and the Practice of Federalism in South Africa
12.4.1 Climate Policy and South Africa's Quasi-federal System
12.4.2 A Fragmented Law and Policy Framework
12.4.2.1 Legislative and Policy Developments at National Level
12.4.2.2 Policy Development at Provincial and Municipal Level
12.4.2.3 Does the Division of Powers Support Subnational Climate Action?
12.4.2.4 Institutional Actors, Support and Monitoring, and Evaluation
12.4.3 Intergovernmental Coordination and Planning
12.4.3.1 Intergovernmental Relations
12.4.3.2 Intergovernmental Forums
12.4.3.3 Integrated Development Planning
12.5 Opportunities for Greater Climate Change Resilience
12.5.1 Provincial Government
12.5.2 Local Government
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Climate Governance and Federalism in Spain
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Climate Change in Spain
13.2.1 Climate Change Challenges
13.2.2 Spain's GHG Emission Profile
13.2.3 Spanish International Commitment on Climate Change
13.2.4 Climate Objectives in Climate Law and Policies in Spain
13.3 Climate Governance and Federalism
13.3.1 The State of Autonomies and Climate Governance
13.3.2 The Institutional Framework and Intergovernmental Relations
13.3.3 Fiscal Federalism and Climate Governance
13.4 Federal Governance and Climate Change
13.4.1 The Central Government
13.4.2 The Autonomous Communities (ACs)
13.4.3 The Local Level
13.5 Conclusions
Notes
References
14 Climate Governance and Federalism in Switzerland
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Climate Change in Switzerland
14.3 Climate Policy in the Swiss Confederation
14.3.1 Swiss Federalism in a Nutshell
14.3.2 Swiss Climate Policy in the Federal Context
14.3.2.1 Mitigation
14.3.2.2 Adaptation
14.4 Janus-Faced Swiss Federalism? Cantonal Adaptation and Municipal Mitigation
14.4.1 Subnational Diversity in Climate Change Adaptation
14.4.2 Climate Change Mitigation at the Municipal Level
14.4.3 Synthesis of the Two Case Studies
14.5 Conclusions: Enhancing Intercantonal Coordination
Notes
References
15 Climate Governance and Federalism in the United States
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Climate Change in the United States
15.2.1 Contributions to Climate Change and Its Impacts
15.2.2 Commitment Relating to Climate Change
15.3 Climate Change and Federalism in the United States
15.3.1 General Practice of American Federalism
15.3.1.1 Division of Responsibilities
15.3.1.2 Contentiousness
15.3.2 Climate Governance in the American Federal System
15.3.2.1 Constitutional Climate Authority
15.3.2.2 Respective Policy Development and Implementation Roles
15.3.2.3 State Inclusion within NDCs
15.4 Case Study of American Climate Governance
15.4.1 State Climate Change Action
15.4.2 Adoption versus Implementation, and Policy Evolution
15.4.3 Factors Facilitating or Hindering State Actions
15.4.3.1 Constitutional or Devolved Authority of States
15.4.3.2 State Capacity
15.4.3.3 State Paradiplomacy Engagement
15.4.3.4 State Incentive for Taking Climate Action
15.4.4 State Compensatory or Pre-emptive Action
15.4.5 State Attention to Local Expertise and Circumstances
15.4.6 Horizontal and Vertical Convergence and Divergence
15.4.7 Climate Governance Conflict and Cooperation
15.4.8 Coercion, Collaboration, Competition, and Emulation in Climate Policy
15.4.9 Policy Divergence or Convergence and Dynamics of Conflict and Cooperation
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 Reflections on Climate Governance and Federalism
16.1 Federalism as Facilitator
16.1.1 Locally-Tailored Policymaking
16.1.2 Compensatory Federalism
16.1.3 Laboratory Federalism
16.2 Federalism as Hindrance
16.2.1 Veto Points
16.2.2 Policy Patchwork
16.2.3 The Collective Action Problem
16.3 Conclusion
References
Index