Climate Change on Diseases And Disorders Of Finfish In Cage Culture

Cover
Climate Change on Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture, 3rd edition
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface to the Third Edition
Cover
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Previous titles by Patrick T.K. Woo
1 Cage Culture of Finfish: Its Importance, Distributions and Future Modifications in Ongoing Climate Change
1.1  Trends in Global Aquaculture
1.2  Aquaculture Systems
1.3  Cage Culture
1.3.1  Cage-culture systems
1.3.2  Species and environment
1.3.3  Cage types and structures
1.3.4  Cage-culture production
1.4  Impacts of Climate Change on Aquaculture
1.5  Aquaculture Impacts on Climate Change
1.6  Changes in Climatic Conditions
1.6.1  Temperature
1.6.2  Sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion
1.6.3  Ocean acidification
1.6.4  Changes in sea-surface salinity
1.6.5  Other factors
1.7  Cage Culture – Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change
1.7.1  Abnormal changes in climate and seasons affecting cage culture
1.7.2  Expected impacts of climatic change on cage-culture systems
1.7.3  Risk management approaches and their effectiveness
1.7.4  Adaptation strategies
1.7.5  Climate-smart cage-farming protocols
National- and regional-level approaches
Strategic industry and subsector levels
Local and enterprise levels
Individual and community levels
1.7.6  Recommendations (for farmers, researchers and policy developers)
1.8  Prospects and Conclusions
References
2 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Waters
2.1  Introduction
VIRAL DISEASES
2.2  Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis (IHN)
2.2.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.2.2  Impacts and the environment
2.2.3  Diagnoses
2.2.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.2.5  Effects of temperature
2.2.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.3  Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS)
2.3.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.3.2  Impacts and the environment
2.3.3  Diagnoses
2.3.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.3.5  Prevention/control strategies
2.4  Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN)
2.4.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.4.2  Impacts and the environment
2.4.3  Diagnoses
2.4.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.4.5  Effects of temperature
2.4.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.5  Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA)
2.5.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.5.2  Impacts and the environment
2.5.3  Diagnoses
2.5.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.5.6  Effects of temperature
2.5.7  Prevention/control strategies
2.6  Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Infections: Pancreas Disease (PD) or Sleeping Disease (SD)
2.6.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.6.2  Impacts and the environment
2.6.3  Diagnoses
2.6.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.6.5  Effects of temperature
2.6.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.7  Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER)
2.7.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.7.2  Impacts and the environment
2.7.3  Diagnoses
2.7.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.7.5  Effects of temperature
2.7.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.8  Cardiomyopathy Syndrome (CMS)
2.8.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.8.2  Impacts and the environment
2.8.3  Diagnoses
2.8.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.8.5  Effects of temperature
2.8.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.9  Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI) Syndrome
2.9.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.9.2  Impacts and the environment
2.9.3  Diagnoses
2.9.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.9.5  Effects of temperature
2.9.6  Prevention/control strategies
BACTERIAL DISEASES
2.10  Vibriosis
Vibrio anguillarum
2.10.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.10.2  Impacts and the environment
2.10.3  Diagnoses
2.10.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.10.5  Effects of temperature
2.10.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.11  Piscirickettsiosis (Piscirickettsia salmonis)
2.11.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.11.2  Impacts and the environment
2.11.3  Diagnoses
2.11.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.11.5  Prevention/control strategies
2.12  Pasteurellosis (Pasteurella skyensis)
2.12.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.12.2  Impacts and the environment
2.12.3  Diagnoses
2.12.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.12.5  Effects of temperature
2.12.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.13  Winter Ulcer of Salmon (Moritella viscosa)
2.13.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.13.2  Impacts and the environment
2.13.3  Diagnoses
2.13.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.13.5  Effects of temperature
2.13.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.14  Mycobacteriosis
2.14.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.14.2  Impacts and the environment
2.14.3  Diagnoses
2.14.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.14.5  Effects of temperature
2.14.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.15  Yersiniosis (Yersinia ruckeri)
2.15.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.15.2  Impacts and the environment
2.15.3  Diagnoses
2.15.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.15.5  Effects of temperature
2.15.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.16  Furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida)
2.16.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.16.2  Impacts and the environment
2.16.3  Diagnoses
2.16.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.16.5  Effects of temperature
2.16.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.17  Francisellosis (Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis)
2.17.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.17.2  Impacts and the environment
2.17.3  Diagnoses
2.17.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.17.5  Prevention/control strategies
2.18  Tenacibaculosis (Tenacibaculum maritimum)
2.18.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.18.2  Impacts and the environment
2.18.3  Diagnoses
2.18.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.18.5  Prevention/control strategies
PARASITIC DISEASES
2.19  Amoebiosis (Neoparamoeba perurans)
2.19.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.19.2  Impacts and the environment
2.19.3  Diagnoses
2.19.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.19.5  Prevention/control strategies
2.20  Salmonid Cryptobiosis (Cryptobia salmositica)
2.20.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.20.2  Diagnoses
2.20.3  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.20.4  Effects of temperature
2.20.5  Prevention/control strategies
2.21  Spironucleosis (Spironucleus salmonicida)
2.21.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.21.2  Impacts and the environment
2.21.3  Diagnoses
2.21.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.22  Microsporidial Gill Disease of Salmon (Loma salmonae)
2.22.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.22.2  Impacts and the environment
2.22.3  Diagnoses
2.22.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.22.5  Effects of temperature
2.22.6  Prevention/control strategies
2.23  Kudoa thyrsites
2.23.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.23.2  Impacts and the environment
2.23.3  Diagnoses
2.23.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.23.5  Prevention/control strategies
2.24  Lepeophtheirosis (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
2.24.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
2.24.2  Impacts and the environment
2.24.3  Diagnosis
2.24.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
2.24.5  Effects of temperature
2.24.6  Prevention/control strategies
References
3 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Fresh Water
3.1  Introduction
DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRAL PATHOGENS
3.2  Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
3.2.1  Impact
3.2.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.2.3  Transmission
3.2.4  Host population dynamics
3.2.5  Climate change impacts
3.2.6  Control
3.3  Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis
3.3.1  Impact
3.3.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.3.3  Transmission
3.3.4  Host population dynamics
3.3.5  Climate change impacts
3.3.6  Control
3.4  Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
3.4.1  Impact
3.4.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.4.3  Transmission
3.4.4  Host population dynamics
3.4.5  Climate change impacts
3.4.6  Control
3.5  Sleeping Disease
3.5.1  Impact
3.5.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.5.3  Transmission
3.5.4  Host population dynamics
3.5.5  Climate change impacts
3.5.6  Control
3.6  Salmonid Herpes Virus Infections
3.6.1  Impact
3.6.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.6.3  Transmission
3.6.4  Host population dynamics
3.6.5  Climate change impacts
3.6.6  Control
DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
3.7  Furunculosis
3.7.1  Impact
3.7.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.7.3  Transmission
3.7.4  Host population dynamics
3.7.5  Climate change impacts
3.7.6  Control
3.8  Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia
3.8.1  Impact
3.8.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.8.3  Transmission
3.8.4  Host population dynamics
3.8.5  Climate change impacts
3.8.6  Control
3.9  Enteric Redmouth Disease/Yersiniosis
3.9.1  Impact
3.9.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.9.3  Transmission
3.9.4  Host population dynamics
3.9.5  Climate change impacts
3.9.6  Control
3.10  Bacterial Coldwater Disease
3.10.1  Impact
3.10.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.10.3  Transmission
3.10.4  Host population dynamics
3.10.5  Climate change impacts
3.10.6  Control
3.11  Bacterial Kidney Disease
3.11.1  Impact
3.11.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.11.3  Transmission
3.11.4  Host population dynamics
3.11.5  Climate change impacts
3.11.6  Control
3.12  Flavobacteriosis Caused by Emerging Flavobacteriaceae Species
3.13  Bacterial Diseases with Secondary Impact on Coldwater Fish Reared in Fresh Water
DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGAL/PSEUDOFUNGAL PATHOGENS
3.14  Saprolegniosis
3.14.1  Impact
3.14.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.14.3  Transmission
3.14.4  Host population dynamics
3.14.5  Climate change impacts
3.14.6  Control
DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITIC PATHOGENS
3.15  Proliferative Kidney Disease
3.15.1  Impact
3.15.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.15.3  Transmission
3.15.4  Host population dynamics
3.15.5  Climate change impacts
3.15.6  Control
3.16  Whirling Disease
3.16.1  Impact
3.16.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.16.3  Transmission
3.16.4  Host population dynamics
3.16.5  Climate change impacts
3.16.6  Control
3.17  Gyrodactylosis
3.17.1  Impact
3.17.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
3.17.3  Transmission
3.17.4  Host population dynamics
3.17.5  Climate change impacts
3.17.6  Control
3.18  Climate Change Impacts
3.19  Conclusions
References
4 Non-Infectious Disorders of Coldwater Fish
4.1  Introduction
4.2  Production Problems
4.2.1  Smolt failure in salmonids
4.2.2  Stress
4.2.3  Behaviour-related problems
4.2.4  Predators
4.3  Environmental Problems
4.3.1  Algal blooms
4.3.2  Harmful zooplankton – jellyfish
4.3.3  Physicochemical parameters
Gas bubble disease
Oxygen deficiency
Waterborne irritants
i.  Ammonia
ii.  Nitrite
Toxic compounds
i.  Acute intoxications
ii.  Chronic intoxications
4.4  Nutritional and Feed-Related Problems
4.4.1  Absolute nutritional deficiency: starvation
4.4.2  Deficiencies and imbalances of macronutrients
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
4.4.3  Deficiencies and imbalances of micronutrients
Vitamins
i.  Vitamin A (retinol)
ii.  Vitamin E (tocopherol)
iii.  Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Minerals
4.4.4  Toxic dietary components
Minerals
Anthropogenic organic contaminants
Mycotoxins
Antinutritional dietary compounds
Soybean-induced enteritis
4.5  Vaccination- and Treatment-Related Problems
4.5.1  Vaccines
4.5.2  Chemical treatments
4.6  Neoplasia
4.6.1  Common neoplasms in coldwater finfish
Skin
Gills and pseudobranches
Kidney
Haematopoietic tissue
Liver
Gastrointestinal tract and swim bladder
Reproductive system
Endocrine system
4.7  Deformations
4.7.1  Pigmentation abnormalities
4.7.2  Skeletal and eye deformities
4.7.3  Internal malformations
References
5 Infectious Diseases of Warmwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Waters
5.1  Introduction
5.2  Viral Diseases
5.2.1  Iridoviridae
Megalocytiviruses
Lymphocystiviruses
5.2.2  Nodaviridae
5.3  Bacterial Diseases
5.3.1  Vibriosis
5.3.2  Photobacteriosis
5.3.3  Edwardsiellosis
5.3.4  Tenacibaculosis
5.3.5  Mycobacteriosis
5.3.6  Streptococcosis
5.4  Parasitic Diseases
5.4.1  Apicomplexa
5.4.2  Dinoflagellates/ciliates
5.4.3  Microsporidians
5.4.4  Myxozoa
Enteromyxum spp.
Henneguya spp.
Kudoa spp.
Ceratomyxa/Sphaerospora spp. (formerly Leptotheca)
5.4.5  Monogenea
Monopisthocotylea
Polyopisthocotylea
5.4.6  Digenea
5.4.7  Crustacea
References
6 Infectious Diseases of Warmwater Fish in Fresh Water
6.1  Introduction
6.2  Viral Infections
6.2.1  Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) disease
Diagnosis
Transmission
Control and prevention
6.2.2  Tilapia parvovirus (TiPV) disease
Diagnosis
Transmission
Control and prevention
6.2.3  Carp edema virus (CEV) disease
Diagnosis
Transmission
Control and prevention
6.2.4  Koi herpesvirus (KHV) disease
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevention and control
6.2.5  Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) disease
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevention and control
6.2.6  Channel catfish virus (CCV) disease
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevention and control
6.3  Bacterial Diseases
6.3.1  Motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS)
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevention and control
6.3.2  Pseudomonas septicaemia
Diagnosis
Prevention and control
6.3.3  Enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC)
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevention and control
6.3.4  Edwardsiellosis
Diagnosis
Prevention and control
6.3.5  Francisellosis
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevention and control
6.3.6  Columnaris disease
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevention and control
6.3.7  Streptococcal septicaemia/meningoencephalitis
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevention and control
Diagnosis
6.4  Diseases Caused by Oomycetes
Diagnosis
6.4.1  Saprolegniosis
Pathology
6.4.2  Branchiomycosis
Pathology
Prevention and control
6.4.3  Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) attributed to the EUS rhabdovirus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Aphanomyces
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevention and control
6.5  Parasitic Diseases
6.5.1  Diseases caused by protistans
6.5.1.i  Diseases caused by ciliates
6.5.1.ii  Trichodinid diseases
Pathology
Diagnosis
Prevention and control
6.5.1.iii  Ich or white spot disease
Pathology
Diagnosis
Prevention and control
6.5.2  Diseases caused by dinoflagellates
6.5.2.i  Velvet or rust disease
Pathology
Diagnosis
Prevention and control
6.5.3  Myxosporean diseases
Pathology
Diagnosis
Prevention and control
6.5.4  Diseases caused by monogeneans
6.5.4.i  Diseases caused by Dactylogyrus species
Pathology
Diagnosis
6.5.4.ii  Diseases caused by Cichlidogyrus species
Diagnosis
6.5.4.iii  Diseases caused by Thaparocleidus species
Diagnosis
6.5.4.iv  Diseases caused by Gyrodactylus species
Pathology
Diagnosis
6.5.4.v  Other important monogenean infections of cage-culture species
Prevention and control of monogenean infections
6.5.5  Diseases caused by other helminths
6.5.6  Diseases caused by parasitic arthropods
Prevention and control
6.5.6.i  Argulus infections
Pathology
Diagnosis
Prevention and control
6.6  Impacts from Climate Change
6.7  Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research
References
7 Non-Infectious Disorders of Warmwater Fish
7.1  Introduction
7.2  Environmental and Anthropogenic-Related Problems
7.2.1  Ammonia toxicity
7.2.2  Fouling and antifouling treatments
7.2.3  Physical factors
Stocking density and handling
Noise
7.3  Emerging Problems
7.3.1  Dissolved oxygen
7.3.2  Pollutants
7.3.3  Climate change
7.4  Nutritional Imbalance-Related Problems
7.4.1  Impacts on fish production
7.4.2  Diagnosis
7.4.3  Clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions
7.4.4  Prevention and control
7.5  Winter Disease
7.5.1  Impacts on fish production
7.5.2  Diagnosis
7.5.3  Clinical, physiological and histopathological changes
7.5.4  Prevention and control
7.6  Stress in Warmwater Fish
7.6.1  Impacts on fish production
7.6.2  Diagnosis
Adverse weather conditions
Suboptimal culture conditions
7.6.3  Clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions
7.6.4  Prevention and control
7.7  Skeletal Abnormalities
7.7.1  Axial deformities
7.7.2  Gill-cover and jaw anomalies
7.7.3  Prevention and control
7.8  New Problems Arising: Cellular and Metabolic Responses
7.8.1  Neoplasia
Impacts on fish production
Diagnosis
Clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions
Prevention and control
7.8.2  Antinutritional problems
Impacts on fish production
Antinutritional factors due to fishmeal and fish oil replacement
Clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions
Prevention and control
7.8.3  Organic discharge
7.9  Molecular Tools to Characterize Non-Infectious Disorders
7.9.1  Inbreeding management
7.9.2  Genetic environmental adaptation
7.9.3  Molecular markers for stress monitoring
7.10  Conclusions
7.11  Acknowledgements
References
8 Sporadic Emerging Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases and Disorders
8.1  Introduction
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
8.2  Endocrine Disruption in Aquatic Animals
8.2.1  Introduction
8.2.2  Impacts on fish production
Developmental effects
Reproductive system effects
Immune system effects
8.2.3  Diagnosis/detection of endocrine-disrupting chemicals
8.2.4  Sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and modes of exposure
8.2.5  Anticipated effects of climate change on endocrine disruption
8.2.6  Control and/or prevention
8.3  Microplastic Pollution
8.3.1  Introduction
8.3.2  Impacts on fish production
8.3.3  Diagnosis and detection of exposure to microplastics
8.3.4  Modes of exposure
8.3.5  Anticipated effects of climate change on exposure to microplastics
8.3.6  Control and prevention
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
8.4  Gill and Skin Health
8.4.1  Introduction
8.4.2  Impacts on fish production
Skin issues
Gill health
8.4.3  Diagnosis and surveillance of the condition(s)
8.4.4  Transmission
8.4.5  Anticipated effects of climate change on gill and skin health
8.4.6  Control and/or prevention
8.5  Scale Drop Disease in Asian Sea Bass
8.5.1  Introduction
8.5.2  Impacts on fish production
8.5.3  Diagnosis
8.5.4  Transmission
8.5.5  Anticipated effects of climate change
8.5.6  Control and prevention
ANTIMICROBIALS
8.6  Use of Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance
8.6.1  Introduction
8.6.2  Impacts on fish production
8.6.3  Anticipated effect of climate change on antibiotics use and antimicrobial resistance
8.6.4  Control and/or prevention
8.7  Conclusion
References
9 Movement of Infectious Agents between Wild and Farmed Fish
9.1  Introduction
9.2  Transmission and Spread of Infectious Agents in the Aquatic Environment
9.2.1  Waterborne exposure
9.2.2  Fish-to-fish exposure
9.2.3  Vector-borne exposure
9.2.4  Fomite exposure
9.2.5  Food-related pathogen exposure
9.2.6  Air-borne exposure
9.3  Outcomes of Exposure to Infectious Agents
9.3.1  Host
9.3.2  Infectious agent
9.3.3  Environment
9.3.4  Consequence of exposure to an infectious agent
9.4  Cage Culture and Potential Effects on the Natural Ecology
9.5  Infectious Agent/Disease Management in Net-Cage Culture
9.6  Consequences and Assessment of Infectious Agent Exchange
9.6.1  In cage culture
9.6.2  On wild populations
9.7  Climate Change Effects on Wild–Farm Population Pathogen Exchange
9.7.1  Climate change impacts on infectious agents
9.7.2  Climate change impacts on host(s)
9.7.3  Climate change impacts on health and disease management practices
9.7.4  Climate change impacts on wild–farmed infectious agent exchange
9.8  Adaptive Management and EcoHealth to Reduce Management Risks Associated with Pathogen Exchange
9.8.1  Adaptive management – what is it?
9.8.2  EcoHealth
9.9  Conclusion
References
10 Diseases and Disorders in Fish due to Harmful Algal Blooms
10.1  Introduction
10.2  Diseases and Disorders
10.2.1  Microcystins
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.2  Nodularins
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.3  Cylindrospermopsins
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.4  Anatoxin-a
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.5  β-Methylamino-l-alanine
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.6  Lipopolysaccharides
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.7  Saxitoxins
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.8  Domoic acid
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.9  Ciguatoxins
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.10  Prymnesins
Impact on fish production
Mechanism of toxicity
Clinical signs
10.2.11  Blooms coinciding with fish kills but cannot be pinpointed to a toxin
Karenia spp.
Chattonella spp.
10.3  Future Implications
10.3.1  Climate change
10.3.2  Socio-economic impacts
10.3.3  Management and monitoring
10.3.4  Pathogens
10.3.5  The role of the microbiome
The effect of algae–microbe symbiosis on the formation and toxicity of HABs
Effect of exposure to HABs on fish microbiomes
10.3.6  Leveraging -omics tools
Demonstrated utility for understanding HABs and their effects on fish health
Emerging technologies to enhance the study of HABs and their impact on fish health
10.3.7  Eco-evolutionary dynamics
Rapid adaptation as a driver of HABs
Intraspecific genetic variation and adaptation in response to HABs
References
11 Biosecurity: Current and Future Strategies
11.1  Introduction
11.2  Impacts of Diseases in Aquaculture
11.2.1  Economic impacts
11.3  Minimizing Disease Impacts in Aquaculture
11.4  Biosecurity Principles and Strategies
11.4.1  Prevention is better than cure
11.4.2  On-farm versus off-farm biosecurity
11.4.3  Emergency preparedness and response
11.4.4  Disease and pathogen surveillance
11.4.5  Safe movement of live aquatic animals
11.5  Applying Biosecurity in Aquaculture
11.5.1  Clean seed
11.5.2  Clean feed
11.5.3  Vaccines
11.5.4  Diagnostics
11.6  Biosecurity Governance
11.7  Progressive Management Pathway for Improving Aquaculture Biosecurity
11.8  Climate Change Impacts on Diseases in Aquaculture
11.9  Future Strategies for Improving Aquaculture Biosecurity
11.10  New and Next-Generation Farm Systems
11.11  Closing Remarks
References
12 Welfare of Cage-Cultured Fish under Climate Change
12.1  Introduction
12.1.1  Increasing importance of the welfare of cultured fish
12.1.2  Why welfare is important
12.1.3  Topics in this chapter
12.2  Fish Diversity
12.2.1  Differences between species
12.2.2  Differences within species
12.3  Some Basic Fish Welfare Science
12.3.1  What is welfare?
12.3.2  Conceptualizing and protecting welfare
12.3.3  Fish sentience and positive welfare
12.4  The Relationship Between Health and Welfare
12.4.1  Direct adverse effects of disease on welfare
12.4.2  Stress, disease and disease treatment
Poor general welfare often makes fish more susceptible to disease
Disease treatments may also compromise welfare
12.4.3  The non-equivalence of health and welfare
Good health does not necessarily equate to good welfare
Poor health does not always equate to poor welfare
12.5  Promoting the Welfare of Fish in Cages: Challenges
12.6  Promoting the Welfare of Fish in Cages: Assessing Welfare
12.6.1  Frameworks for assessing fish welfare
12.6.2  Welfare needs
12.6.3  Operational welfare indicators
Input and outcome indicators
Behavioural welfare indicators
12.6.4  Variability in welfare needs and indicators
12.6.5  Special features of cage farming in relation to fish welfare
Input OWIs
Outcome OWIs
12.6.6  The importance of what farmers know
12.7  Promoting the Welfare of Fish in Cages: Practices that Compromise Fish Welfare
12.7.1  General farm environment and management
Space limitations and stocking density
Inappropriate feed management
Exposure to harmful organisms (predators and pathogens)
Absence of structures necessary for positive welfare
12.7.2  Specific husbandry practices
12.8  Promoting the Welfare of Fish in Cages: Mitigating Welfare Problems
12.8.1  General features of the cage environment
Mitigating adverse effects of space limitation and high fish densities
Ensuring effective feed management
Exposure to harmful organisms
Environmental enrichment
Giving fish the opportunity to look after themselves
12.8.2  Specific husbandry practices
12.9  Looking to the Future
12.9.1  Cage aquaculture: what is likely to change?
Intensification and diversification
Disease prevention and health
Molecular technologies
12.9.2  Fish welfare science: what is likely to change
Ensuring positive welfare and appropriately enriched environments
Protecting individual welfare
Non-invasive monitoring of OWIs and smart analysis of big data
Precision fish farming
12.9.3  The added challenge of climate change for the welfare of cage-farmed fish
The dimensions of climate change and the vulnerability of cage culture
Climate change and fish physiology
How fish adapt to environmental change
Production and welfare in farmed fish in the face of gradual climate change
Welfare in farmed fish in the face of acute weather events arising from climate change
Possible mitigation of the adverse effects of climate change on cage-farmed fish
12.10  Conclusions
References
Index
Cabi
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