Climate Change Impacts on Nigeria: Environment and Sustainable Development

Contents
1 Current Effect and Projected Implications of Climate Change on Nigeria’s Sustainable Development Plan
Introduction
Why Should Nigeria be Concerned About Climate Change?
Climate Change and Its Impact on Nigeria’s Environment
Climate Change and Its Impact on Nigeria’s Economy
Effect of Climate Change on Nigeria’s Social Development
Climate Change and Its Impact on Nigeria’s Energy Sector
Conclusion and Recommendation
References
2 Effect of Climate Change on Air Quality: A Nigerian Perspective
Introduction
Major Air Pollutants
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Carbon Oxides (COx)
Ozone (O3)
Particulate Matter (PM)
Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Sources of Air Pollution Affecting Nigeria’s Air Quality
Climate Change and Disturbed Ecosytem in Nigeria: Aftermath of Air Pollution
Impact of Climate Change on Nigeria’s Air Quality
Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Air Pollution Control
Conclusion
References
3 Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Crop Production in Nigeria
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Sample Selection
Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
Socio-Economic Characteristics of Crop Farmers
Revenue Generated from Sales of Crops Produced
Descriptive Statistics of Different Output of Crops Produced
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Crop Production
Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Crop Production
Perceived Constraints Influencing Sustainable Crop Production
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
4 Implication of Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics on Accelerated Soil Erosion in Kereke Watershed of the Lower Benue Basin, North Central Nigeria
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Description of the Study Area
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Land Use/Land Cover Change and Accelerated Soil Erosion
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
5 Thermal Conditions in Artisanal Mine Sites: A Case Study of Ife Area, Southwest Nigeria
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data Collection and Methodology
Results and Discussion
Statistical Analysis
Results
Diurnal Variation in Temperature
Perception on Effect of Thermal Discomfort in the Study Area
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
References
6 Modelling and Prediction of Rainfall in the North-Central Region of Nigeria Using ARIMA and NNETAR Model
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data Collection
Box-Jenkins Approach
Probabilistic Models
Results and Discussion
Descriptive Statistics for the Seven Meteorological Stations in the North-Central Region of Nigeria
Time Plots for the Seven Meteorological Stations in the North-Central Region of Nigeria
Stationarity Test
Model Identification
Parameter Estimation
Model Diagnostic and Forecasting
Modelling of Rainfall Data Using NNETAR
Predictive Performance Comparison Between ARIMA and NNETAR Model
Conclusion
References
7 Analysis of Rainfall Trend and Variability in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Rainfall Data
Trend Analysis
Rainfall Variability
Results and Discussion
Rainfall Climatology: Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual
Rainfall Trends
Rainfall Variability
Conclusion
Limitations, Perspectives for Future Research, and Recommendations
References
8 Effect of Climate Change on Soil Organic Carbon Storage in Four Land Use Types in Abakaliki, South Eastern Nigeria
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Site Description
Soil Sampling Procedure
Laboratory Methods
Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
Physical Properties of Soils of the Different Land Use Types
Chemical Properties of Soils of Various Land Use Type
Carbon Storage on Soils of the Four Land Use Types Across the Three Soil Depths
Conclusion
References
9 The Impact of Climate Change on the State of Carbon Footprint in Nigeria
Introduction
Sources and Causative Factors of Carbon Emissions in Nigeria
The Implication of not Reducing Carbon Footprint
Temperature and Rainfall
Geographic Impacts
Food Security and Water
Forestry
Health
Economy
Energy
The Implications of Low Reduction of Carbon Footprint
Efforts in Understanding, Mitigating, and Adapting to Climate Change Impact on Carbon Emission in Nigeria
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
10 Coppicing Capacity of Pycnanthus angolensis for Sustainable Forestry Techniques in the Climate Change
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Areas of Pycnanthus Angolensis
Data Collection and Analysis
Results and Discussions
Shoot Height (SH)
Number of Nodes (NN)
Number of Leaves (NL)
Number of Branches (NB)
Plant Height (PH) of Pycnanthus Angolensis
Effect of Seedling Source on Growth Parameters
Time Against Variable of Interest
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
11 Assessment of Tree Growth Competition Indices for Biodiversity Conservation in IITA Forest Ibadan, Nigeria
Introduction
Materials and Method
Study Area
Sampling Techniques and Data Collection
Data Collection
Tree Growth Competition Indices
Distance Dependent
Distance Independent
Model Evaluation of the Tree Growth Competition Indices
Model Validation
Tree Growth Competition Indices
Discussion
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
12 Review on Climate Change Impacts on Air Quality in Nigeria
Introduction
General Effects of Climate Change in Nigeria
Causes of Climate Change in Nigeria
Causes of Air Pollution in Nigeria
Impacts of Climate Change on Air in Nigeria
Policy that Can be Use to Improve Air Quality in Nigeria
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
13 Sustaining Livestock Production Under the Changing Climate: Africa Scenario for Nigeria Resilience and Adaptation Actions
Introduction
Methodology
Sources of the Data
Data Analyses
Results and Discussion
Discussion
Significance of Livestock Production to the African Continent
Climate Change and Economic Consequences in the African Livestock Sector
Climate Impacts on Livestock Production Performances and Management
Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Reproduction and Fertility
Impact of Climate Change on Pasture/Fodder Availability in Africa
Climate Change Effects on Livestock Disease Outbreaks in Africa
Ameliorative Strategies for Livestock Production in Response to Climate Change in Africa
Adaptation Strategies for Livestock Production in Response to Climate Change
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
14 Mapping and Assessing the Seasonal Dynamics of Surface Urban Heat Intensity Using LandSAT-8 OLI/TIRS Images
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Radiometric and Atmospheric Correction
Procedure for Obtaining LST
Estimating the NDBI
Interpretation of NDBI and NDVI
Results and Discussion
Surface Heat Intensity of the Area in the Dry Season
Surface Heat Intensity of the Area in the Rainy Season
Conclusion
References
15 Agroecology as a Response to Sustainable Development Under Climate Change in Southeast Nigeria
Introduction
Agroecology and Farming Systems in Nigeria
Materials and Methods
Model Choice
Farm Survey and Modeling Approach
Climate Change Scenarios
Crop Model
Estimation of Value-Variance
Results
How Will Climate Change Impact the Yield of Major Crops in Nigeria?
How Will Climate Change Impact Farmers’ Income?
Discussion
What is the Impact of Climate Change at the Farm Level in Nigeria
What Are the Different Agroecology Measures Employed by Smallholder Farmers in Adapting to the Impact of Climate Change
How Effective Are the Agroecology Practices in Counteracting Climate Change Impacts
Limitation of the Study
Conclusion
References
16 Climate Change Impact on Nigerian Ecology, Vegetation/Forest, Carbon and Biomass Management
Introduction
Impacts of Climate Change
Impacts on Nigerian Ecology
Impacts on Forestry and Vegetation
Impacts on Biomass and Carbon Management
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
17 Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Introduction
Conceptual Issues
National Development
Development Plans and Policies in Nigeria
Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria: A Post-mortem
Sustainability and Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Goals and Climate Change
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data Collection and Analysis
Results and Discussion
Demographic Information of the Respondents
Status of Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria
Challenges of Achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Climate Change in Nigeria
Causes of Climate Change in Nigeria
Impact of Climate Change on Sustainable Development
Strategies for Adaptation and Mitigation of the Impacts of Climate Change
Conclusion and Recommendation
References
18 Landslide Occurrences in Southeastern Nigeria: A Literature Analysis on the Impact of Rainfall
Introduction
Study Area
Climatic Indicators
Review of Some Landslide Causative Factors in Southeastern Nigeria
Landslide Occurrence in Southeastern Nigeria
Impact and Management of Landslide in Southeastern Nigeria
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
19 Climate Change and Drought in the Dryland Areas of Nigeria
Introduction
Materials and Methods
The Study Area
Drought Computations
Results and Discussion
Historical Drought Intensity
Projected (2021–2060) Drought Intensity
Projected (2061–2100)
Drought Frequency
Drought Vulnerability
Conclusion and Recommendation
References
20 GIS-Based Vulnerability Evaluation of Climate Change Hazards of Flood and Erosion Using an Integrated IVFRN-DEMATEL-ANP Decision Model
Introduction
Climate Stressors in Nigeria and Anambra State
Effect of Climate Change on Agriculture in Anambra State
Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change
Application of GIS for Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change Hazards
Application of Multi-criteria Decision Making Models in Vulnerability Assessment
Research Methodology
The Study Area and Data Acquisition
Analysis, Processing and Delineation of Conditioning Factors
Vulnerability Assessment Model
Final Vulnerability Maps and Validation
Overall Climatic Vulnerability Map
Result and Discussion
Production of Flood and Erosion Vulnerability Maps
Production of Climatic Vulnerability Map
Conclusion
Limitations of Study, Recommendations, and Perspectives for Future Research
Appendix
References
21 Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Agricultural Drought in North Central Nigeria
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area Description
Data Analysis
The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI)
Results and Discussion
Temporal Variation in Precipitation in All Stations in North Central Nigeria (1968–2018)
Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Trend Analysis
Discussion
Summary and Conclusion
References
22 Influence of Seasonal Changes on the Quality of Water Resources in Southwestern Nigeria: A Review
Introduction
Study Area
Observed Recent Climate Changes in Southwestern Nigeria
Rainfall
Temperature
Water Resources
Seasonal Change and Water Resources
Conclusion and Recommendation
References
23 A Consideration of the Climatic Drivers, Focal Points and Challenges of Soil Erosion, Land Degradation, Landslides and Landscapes in Nigeria
Introduction
The Status of Land Degradation, Soil Erosion, Landslides and Landscapes in Nigeria
Soil Erosion
Land Degradation
Landslides and Landscapes
Focal Points of Climate Change Pressures on Soil Erosion, Land Degradation, Landslides and Landscapes in Nigeria
Land Degradation and Soil Erosion
Landslides and Landscapes
Drivers of Land Degradation in Nigeria
The Northern Region
The Southern Region
Drivers of Land Degradation in Nigeria
The Northern Region
The Southern Region
Responses to Land Degradation, Soil Erosion, Landslides, and Landscapes in Nigeria
Researchers’ Response Measures
Individual/Farmers’ Approach
Collective/Community Response
Government/Institutions/Agency Response
Challenges in Addressing Land Degradation, Soil Erosion, Landslides, and Landscapes in Nigeria
Non-implementation of Research Findings
Poor Funding of Research and Projects
Employing the Services of Inexperienced Contractors, Resulting in Poor Execution of Projects
Poor Attitude to Environmental Degradation Issues
Opportunities for Addressing Climate Change-Related Environmental Hazards in Nigeria
Conclusions
References
24 A Review on the Influence of Rainfall in the Formation and Expansion of Gullies in Southeastern Nigeria
Introduction
Study Area Description
Review of Prevalent Factors Influencing the Occurrences and Expansion of Gullies in Southeastern Nigeria
Variation in Rainfall Patterns, Geomorphology, and Soil Type
Geology and Soil Characteristics
Anthropogenic Factors
Climatic Factors
Observed Climate Variability in Southeastern Nigeria
Temperature Variation
Rainfall Variation
Modeling and Quantification of Gullies with Respect to Rainfall: Implications for Future Prospects
Gully Erosion Mitigation and Management: Implication for Future Prospects
Conclusion
References
25 The Impact of Seasonal Changes on the Trends of Physicochemical, Heavy Metal and Microbial Loads in Water Resources of Southeastern Nigeria: A Critical Review
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data Generation
Recent Seasonal Variations in Southeastern Nigeria
Rainfall Variations: A Clear Signature of Climate Change
Temperature Variations: A Clear Signature of Climate Change
Water Resources
Seasonal Variations and Water Resources
Influence of Seasonal Variations on Surface Water Quality
Influence of Seasonal Variations on Groundwater Quality
Conclusion
Challenges, Recommendations and Future Perspectives
References
26 Impact of Climate Change on Soil Salinity Along Irrigated Farmlands of Jakara River Downstream Minjibir Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Hydrology and Drainage
Materials and Methods
Materials
Methods
Geostatistical Models and Analysis of Soil Salinity
Geostatistical Technique
Results of the Geostatistical Analysis
Distribution of pH
Distribution of EC
Distribution of SAR
Distribution of ESP
Distribution of Ca2+
Distribution Map Mg2+
Distribution of Na2+
The Distribution of K+
The Distribution Map of K+
Conclusion
Recommendations
Further Studies
References
27 Relationship Between Agricultural Production, Energy Consumption, and Climate Change in Nigeria
Introduction
Methodology
Description of the Study Area
Data Source
Model Estimation
Results and Discussion
Descriptive Statistics
Unit Root Result
Cointegration Test
ARDL Long-Run and Short-Run Estimation
Diagnostic Test
Granger Causality Test
Conclusions
References
Index