Climate Change Impacts on Natural Resources, Ecosystems and Agricultural Systems

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Impact of Climate Change on Livelihood Security and Biodiversity – Issues and Mitigation Strategies
Introduction
Influence of Environmental Change
The Issue of Water
Diversification
Susceptibility and Hazard
The Impacts on Urban Livelihoods
Heavy Rainfall and Floods
Combined Effect Between Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation
Mitigating Methane Emissions Through New Irrigation Schemes (Bohol, Philippines)
Challenges
Climate Change’s Impact on Biodiversity
Populations of Species Fluctuations
Responses from Various Populations
Changes in Phenology
Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services
Feedbacks to Climate
Sustainable Biodiversity Management in the Face of Climate Impacts
The Next Steps
Climate Change’s Effects on Livelihoods and Resilience Measures
Adaptation Approaches
Global Warming, Habitat, and Economics
Concerning Climate Change, Biodiversity Protection, and Poverty Reduction Is the Way Forward
Future Scope of the Study
Policy Recommendations
The Emphasis Is on Smallholders, Sensitive Spots, and the Community at Large
Climate-Smart Agriculture, Green Agriculture, and Rural Nonfarm Activities Must All Be Prioritised
Opportunities for Adaptation
Opportunities for Mitigation
Collaboration on a Broad Basis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Desertification Intensity Assessment Within the Ukraine Ecosystems Under the Conditions of Climate Change on the Basis of Remote Sensing Data
Introduction
Background
Materials and Methods
Visual Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data
The Drought Map Creation by Using Indexes
The Meteorological Observations
Results and Discussions
Physiographic Conditions
Climate Conditions
Drought Estimation
Index of Drought
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Chapter 3: Climate Change Effect on the Urbanization: Intensified Rainfall and Flood Susceptibility in Sri Lanka
Introduction
Relationship Between Urbanization and Climate Change
Climate Change and Sri Lanka
Climate Change and Urbanization in Sri Lanka
Case Study: Climate Change and Urbanization in Colombo
Conclusion
Appendixes
Appendix 1: World CO2 Data
Sri Lanka
Afganisthan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Curaçao
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Faeroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Polynesia
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macao
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
North Korea
North Macedonia
Norway
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of South Sudan
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Helena
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States of America
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Wallis and Futuna Islands
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Appendix 2: Region CO2 Data
EU27
Canada
China
India
Iran
Japan
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
United States of America
Appendix 3: Landuse Emitted CO2 Data
Canada
Caribbean
Central Africa
Central America & Mexico
China
East Africa
East Asia
Europe
Former Soviet Union
NonTropical S. America
North Africa & Middle East
Oceania
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Southern Africa
Tropical S. America
USA
West Africa
References
Chapter 4: Climate Change, a Strong Threat to Food Security in India: With Special Reference to Gujarat
Introduction to Climate Change Measures in Gujarat
Climate Change, a Strong Threat to Agriculture Productivity
Temperature and Drought: Major Challenge to Food Security
Issues and Challenges in Semi-Arid and Arid Regions of Gujarat
Climate Change Impact on Cropping Patterns
Climate Change Impact on the Landscape and Irrigation
Climate Change Effect on Rainfall Trend
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Livelihood Vulnerability Assessment and Drought Events in South Africa
Introduction
Study Area
Impact of Drought in South Africa
Livelihood Vulnerability in South Africa
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Possible Influence of Urbanisation on Rainfall in Recent Past
Introduction
Studies on the Rainfall and Urbanisation Through Observations
Urban Features, Processes and Mechanisms Influencing the Rainfall
Aerosols, Cloud Physics and Heat Fluxes
Urban Land Cover and Surface Roughness
Urban Heat Island and Their Consequences on Rainfall
Modelling Studies on Rainfall and Urbanisation
Changes in Rainfall Characteristics Over a Typical Urban Centre of Gangetic Plain
Study Area
Data and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Chapter 7: Influence of Climate Change on Crop Yield and Sustainable Agriculture
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data Collection
Results and Discussion
Agriculture Sector and GDP of Pakistan
Major Crops of Pakistan
Cotton
Sugarcane
Maize
Rice
Wheat
Meteorological Parameters
Temperature
Rainfall
Strategies and Future Recommendations
References
Chapter 8: Hybrid Daily Streamflow Forecasting Based on Variational Mode Decomposition Random Vector Functional Link Network-Based Ensemble Forecasting
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Site
Methodology
Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)
Random Vector Functional Link Network (RVFL)
Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD)
Results and Discussion
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Climate Change and Natural Hazards in the Senegal River Basin: Dynamics of Hydrological Extremes in the Faleme River Basin
Introduction
Study Area
Data and Methods
Data
Methods
Results
Extreme Discharges in the Faleme Basin Between Humidity and Drought
Minimum Daily Discharges
Maximum Daily Discharges
Dynamics of the Hydrological Extremes of the Faleme Basin Through Some Indices
Power of Peak Discharges
Irregularity Index
Taring Coefficient
Hydroclimatic Risks in the Faleme Basin
Different Aspects of the Hydrological Drought in the Faleme Basin
Hydrological Parameters and Flooding in the Valley
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Review of Various Impacts of Climate Change in South Asia Region, Specifically Pakistan
Introduction
National Level Climate Change Trends in International Context
Climate Change Impacts on Various Sectors
Climate Change Impact on Water Resource Sector
Climate Change Impact on Seaside Sector
Climate Change Impact on Energy and Food Sector Reliability
Climate Change Impact on Agriculture Sector
Climate Change Impact on Livestock
Climate Change Impact on Natural and Economic Catastrophes
Impacts of Climate Change on Community
Climate Change Adoption and Alleviation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Future Hydroclimatic Variability Projections Using Combined Statistical Downscaling Approach and Rainfall-Runoff Model: Case of Sebaou River Basin (Northern Algeria)
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Global Climate Models (GCM)
Presentation of the Statistical Downscaling Model “SDSM Tool”
Rainfall-Runoff Relationship Simulation Using the GR2M Model
Presentation of the GR2M Model
Assessment of the Performance, Robustness, and Uncertainties of the Model
Results and Discussions
Probable Change in Rainfall
Probable Change in Minimum, Average, and Maximum Temperatures
Rainfall-Runoff Relationship Analysis by GR2M
Elaboration of Hydrological Modeling Scenarios
Assessment of Future Flow Rate Projections
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Predication of Sugarcane Yield in the Semi-Arid Region Based on the Sentinel-2 Data Using Vegetation’s Indices and Mathematical Modeling
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Data Collection
Satellite Data Analysis
Field Work
Application of Remote Sensing and the Role of GIS in Crop Yield
Crop Yield Modeling
Results
Discussion
Prediction Versus Observed Sugarcane Yield
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Effect of Urbanism on Land Surface Temperature (LST) in a River Basin and an Urban Agglomeration
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Land Surface Temperature(LST)
Results and Discussions
Noyyal Subbasin
Statistical Analysis
Chennai Metropolitan Area
Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Estimation of Land Surface Temperature and Urban Heat Island by Using Google Earth Engine and Remote Sensing Data
Introduction
Study Area
Climate
Methodology
For Extraction of Land Surface Temperature
For Calculation of Indices
Top of Atmosphere (TOA) Radiance
Top of Atmosphere (TOA) Brightness Temperature
Land Surface Temperature (LST)
Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Land Surface Emissivity (LSE)
Estimation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI)
Mapping UHI
Delineating the UHS
Developed Algorithm
Results and Discussion
Relationship of LST–NDVI and LST–NDBI Within the UHI and the Non-UHI
Spatial Distribution of UHI and Non-UHI
Identification of UHS
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Study on Irrigated and Nonirrigated Lands in Ukraine Under Climate Change Based on Remote Sensing Data
Introduction
Materials and Methods
North Crimean Canal
North Crimean Canal
Results and Discussions
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Chapter 16: Hybrid Kernel Extreme Learning Machine-Based Empirical Wavelet Transform for Water Quality Prediction Using Only River Flow as Predictor
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Site
Methodology
Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT)
Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM)
Results and Discussion
Prediction of River Water pH
Prediction of River Water-Specific Conductance
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Land Use-Land Cover Using Geospatial Technology
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Satellite Data
Image Processing
Estimation of NDVI
Climate
Statistical Analysis of LULC
Mean of NDVI
The Standard Deviation of NVDI
Variance of NDVI
Quartile of NDVI
Results and Discussion
Change detection of LULC
Statistical Trends of NDVI Data
Climate Factors of the Research Area
Relationship Between Climatic Factors and NDVI
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Impacts of Climate-Induced Events on the Season-Based Agricultural Cropping Pattern and Crop Production in the Southwestern Coastal Region of Bangladesh
Introduction
Methodology
Study Area
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
Climate Change and Its Impacts on the Agricultural Sector in Bangladesh: An Overview
Cropping Seasons and Major Cultivated Crop Species
Status of Cropping Patterns in the Southwestern Coastal Region in Bangladesh
Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Production
Trend of Variability in Climatic Parameters
Correlation Between Crop Production and Climatic Parameters
Local People’s Perception of Climate-Induced Events, Possible Causes, and Impacts
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 19: Toward Smart Agriculture for Climate Change Adaptation
Introduction
Smart Farming Approach
From Data Collection to Farming Advisories
Internet of Things (IoT)
Big Data Analytics (BDA)
Cloud Computing
Mobile Computing
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Applications
Decision-Making in Farmers
Insurance
Advisories
Climate Change and Agriculture
Advantages of Smart Agriculture Based on IoT and Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)
Key Problems Faced in Indian Agriculture System
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 20: Flood Impact and Damage Assessment Based on the Sentitnel-1 SAR Data Using Google Earth Engine
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Description of Study Area
Flood-Prone Area in Kolhapur District
Topography
Flood-Prone Area
Data Used and Methodology
Data Preparation/Pre-processing
Option of Research Field
Hand-Drawn Polygons
Shape File
In-Build Country Boundary Features
Time Frame and Sensor Parameter Selection
Run the Script
Visualise Results in GEE
Export Products
Processing Steps
Data Filtering
Preprocessing
Change Detection
Refining the Flood Extent Layer
Assessment
Area Calculation of Flood Extent
Exposed Population Density
Processing Platform
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Elevation Data Generation
Flood Inundation Maps Based on the Interpretation of RADARSAT-2 Satellite Data
Inundation on 9 August 2019
Inundation on 13 August 2019
Inundation on 15 August 2019
Encroachment/Blocking of Kolhapur City River and Tributaries
Flood Vulnerability
Affected Cropland
Affected Urban Areas
Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: Application of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Role in Precision Farming and Sustainable Agriculture Under Climate Change: A Review
Introduction
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: A Major Role in the Precision Farming
Hyperspectral Sensors and Data Processing
Understanding Various Imageries
RGB Imagery
Thermal Imagery
Multispectral Imagery
Hyperspectral Imagery (Sensor)
Hyperspectral Vegetation Indices
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Importance and Spectral Data Uses
Spectral Signatures
Uses of Vegetation Indices Have Been Used to Precision Farming
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing in Agriculture: Present Scenario
Crop Acreage and Production Estimation
Quantifying Soil Property Variability
Weed Detection
Classification of Agricultural Crops
Yield Forecasting
Precision Farming
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Tools and Solutions for Watershed Management and Planning Under Climate Change
Introduction
Components of Watershed Management Under Climate Change
Hydrological Component
Socioeconomic Component
Environmental Component
Behavioral Component
Discussion
Summary and Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 23: Isotopic Proxy to Identify Climate Change During the Anthropocene
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Sample Collection
Preprocessing of Samples
Processing the Samples
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Chapter 24: Estimation of Land Surface Temperature for Rahuri Taluka, Ahmednagar District (MS, India), Using Remote Sensing Data and Algorithm
Introduction
Study Area
Methodology
Materials and Methods
Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) Radiance
Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) Brightness Temperature
Results and Discussion
Top-of-Atmosphere Brightness Temperature
Land Surface Emissivity
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
The Proportion of Vegetation
Near-Surface Air Temperature in April 2019
LST Validation
Evaluation of LST Validation with Result
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Based on the Spatial Assessment of an Endangered Alpine Medicinal Herb Aconitum heterophyllum in the Western Himalayan Environment
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Generation of Criterion Maps Using Geospatial Techniques
Standardization of Selected Criteria Maps
Calculation of Weight for Each Criterion
Synthesized Matrix
Consistency Ratio Calculation
Results and Discussion
Habitat Suitability of A. heterophyllum
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Land Use and Cover Variations and Problems Associated with Coastal Climate in a Part of Southern Tamil Nadu, India, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Approach
Introduction
Study Area Description
Methodology
Change Detection
Results and Discussion
Land Use/Land Cover Changes During 2001–2017
Environmental Problems Due to the Changes in Tuticorin Coastal Region
Population Pressure
Industrial/Mining Activities on Nearby Coastal Area
Conclusion
References
Chapter 27: Classification of Vegetation Types in the Mountainous Terrain Using Random Forest Machine Learning Technique
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data Sources and Their Description
Fourier Transform
Random Forest Approach
Results and Discussion
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Water Conservation Structure as an Unconventional Method for Improving Sustainable Use of Irrigation Water for Soybean Crop Under Rainfed Climate Condition
Introduction
Material and Methods
Study Area Description
Impact of Rainwater Conservation Activities on the Soybean Crop
Result and Discussion
Rainfall Analysis
Soybean Yield in 2016–2017
Soybean Yield in 2017–2018
Rainwater Management During Kharif Seasons
Impact of Water Conservation Structure on Groundwater Table
Surface Water
Groundwater Table
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Study of Image Segmentation and Classification Methods for Climate Data Analysis
Introduction
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Image Classification
Classification System
Feature Extraction
Selecting Good Training Samples
Image Preprocessing
Selection of Appropriate Classification Method
Post-classification Processing
Assessing the Overall Accuracy
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Images Segmentation
Semantic Image Segmentation
Fully Convolutional Network (FCN)
Dilated Convolution
Conditional Random Fields (CRFs)
Instance Segmentation
Mask R-CNN
Region-Based Segmentation (Threshold Segmentation)
Edge Detection Segmentation
Sobel Operator
Laplace Operator
Image Segmentation Based on Clustering
Utility of Different Methods in Our Lives
In Medical Field
In Water Science Field
In Agricultural Field
Other Uses
Conclusion
References
Index