Climate Change and Urban Environment Sustainability

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Climate Change and Urban Environment Sustainability: Issues and Challenges
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Sustainable Urbanization and Its Significance
1.1.2 Sustainable Urban Development Plans: International and National Scenarios
1.2 Sustainable Urbanization: Challenges Imposed by Climate Change
1.3 Major Urban Solutions for Climate Impact
1.3.1 Urban Technological Solutions
1.3.2 Urban Nature-Based Solutions
1.3.3 Urban Social Solutions
1.3.4 Integration of Technological Nature-Based Social Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation
1.4 Climate Change Adaptation: Case Studies of Various Cities Around the Globe
1.5 Concluding Remark
References
Chapter 2: Infrastructure, Energy Needs and Waste Management for Sustainable Urban Infrastructure
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Region
2.2.1 Bottlenecks in Infrastructure
2.2.1.1 Land Acquisition
2.2.1.2 Clearance from Various Agencies
2.2.1.3 Financing
2.2.1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment
2.2.1.5 Poor Pre-construction Planning
2.2.2 Dimensions for Sustainable Infrastructure
2.2.2.1 Environmental Dimension
2.2.2.2 Social Dimension
2.2.2.3 Economic Dimension
2.2.3 Approaches for Sustainable Infrastructure
2.2.3.1 Infrastructure Ecology
2.2.3.2 Urban Ecology
2.3 Energy for Sustainable Urban Regions
2.3.1 Issues with Energy
2.3.1.1 Growing Energy Demand
2.3.1.2 Environmental Threat
2.3.2 Urban Energy Service Drivers
2.3.2.1 Environmental Drivers
2.3.2.2 Technological Drivers
2.3.2.3 Economic Drivers
2.3.3 Renewable Energy Sources
2.3.3.1 Solar Energy
2.3.3.2 Hydropower
2.3.3.3 Tidal Energy
2.3.3.4 Geothermal Energy
2.3.3.5 Bioenergy
2.4 Waste Management for Sustainable Urban Region
2.4.1 Threats of Waste
2.4.1.1 Environmental Threat
2.4.1.2 Health Threat
2.4.2 Strategies for Waste Management
2.4.2.1 Aerobic Composting
2.4.2.2 Anaerobic Digestion
2.4.2.3 Vermicomposting
2.4.2.4 Incineration
2.4.2.5 Pyrolysis and Gasification
2.4.2.6 Operated Landfills
2.4.2.7 Animal Feeding
2.5 Conclusion
2.6 Future Aspects
References
Chapter 3: Climate Change and Sustainable Urban Transport Environment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Climate Change: Concept and Contributors
3.2.1 Rising Population and Insane Urbanization
3.2.2 Rising Number and Densities of Automobiles
3.3 Air Pollution in India
3.4 Effects of Air Pollution
3.5 Government Initiatives Against Air Pollution
3.6 Smart Urban Transport Options to Reduce Air Pollution
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Importance of Climatological Contributions in the Green Infrastructure Designs, Sustainable City Planning Towards B...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Understanding the Rural/Urban Human Settlement and Climatological Inputs
4.3 Social, Economic, and Environmental Benefits of Climatological Inputs in City Design
4.3.1 Social Benefits
4.3.2 Economic Benefits
4.3.3 Environmental Benefits
4.4 Selected Case Studies on Climatological Inputs in Sustainable City Design and Urbanization
4.4.1 Indian Case Studies
4.4.2 United States of America (USA)-Based Case Studies
4.4.3 UK and European Countries Location-Based Case Studies
4.5 The Key Challenges and Future Prospects
4.5.1 Sincere Attempts Towards Eco-Friendly Economic Frameworks
4.5.2 Loops of Control and Regulatory Paths
4.5.3 Challenges Regarding Societal and Economical Nexus
4.5.4 Challenges Regarding Money, Capital, and Finances
4.5.5 Challenges Regarding Grass Root Innovation and Resilience Policies
4.5.5.1 Sustainable Governance and Management
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Methodology for Sustainable Urban Planning
5.1 Urban Planning
5.1.1 Introduction to Urban Planning
5.1.2 Approach of Urban Planning in Practice: Master Plan
5.1.3 Climate Change and Urban Planning
5.2 Sustainability and Urban Planning
5.2.1 Recent Initiatives for Sustainable Urban Planning: A Global Prospective
5.2.2 Planning Support Systems for Sustainable Urban Planning
5.3 Methodology for Sustainable Urban Planning
5.3.1 Scenario Planning: Environmental Aspects
5.3.2 Public Participation: Social Aspects
5.3.3 Energy-Intensive Planning: Economic Aspects
5.4 Geospatial Technologies for Sustainable Urban Planning
5.4.1 Need of Geospatial Technologies
5.4.2 Application Areas
References
Chapter 6: Exploring Sustainable Food Systems for Urban Sustainability
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sustainable Food Systems
6.3 Urban Food Supply
6.4 Diets and Food Habits of Urban Population
6.5 Food Wastage in Urban Areas
6.6 Untangling the Challenges of Sustainable Food System
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Seagrasses in the Indian Ocean Region with Special Reference to Urbanization
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Seagrasses in Indian Subcontinent
7.3 Seagrass in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India
7.4 Seagrasses in Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago
7.5 Seagrasses of Western Indian Ocean Regions
7.6 Threats to Seagrasses by the Urbanization
References
Chapter 8: Water Quality Index: An Important Tool to Assess Water Quality of Lake Waters for Sustainable Development
8.1 Lakes
8.1.1 Classification and Zones of Lakes
8.1.2 Significance and Threats to Lake Bodies
8.1.3 Importance of Monitoring Lake Bodies
8.2 Water Quality Index
8.2.1 WQI Model
8.2.2 Limitations of WQIs
8.2.3 Gap in Current Situation and Future Directions
8.3 Summary
References
Chapter 9: Urbanization Trends, Climate Change, and Environmental Sustainability
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Factors That Encourage Urbanization
9.2.1 Employment Opportunity
9.2.2 Industrial Growth
9.2.3 Social Factor
9.2.4 Modernization
9.2.5 Educational Facility
9.3 Environmental Impact of Urbanization
9.3.1 Pollution
9.3.1.1 Air Pollution
9.3.1.2 Noise Pollution
9.3.1.3 Water Pollution
9.3.2 Over Exploitation of Natural Resources
9.3.3 Global Warming
9.3.4 Solid Waste Generation
9.3.5 Loss of Biodiversity
9.3.6 Urbanization Induce Climate Change
9.4 Urbanization and Sustainability
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Novel Technologies and Eco-Friendly Lifestyle for Sustainable Cities
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sustainable City Goals
10.3 Societies in Ancient Times
10.3.1 Indus Valley Civilization
10.3.2 Egyptian Society: Lifestyle
10.4 Cities During Mughal Period
10.5 Concept of Smart Cities
10.6 Use of Novel Technologies
10.6.1 Eco-Friendly Green Buildings
10.6.2 Energy Uses for House-Related Activities
10.6.3 Smart Traffic System
10.6.4 Waste Management Strategy
10.6.5 Clean Fuel for Vehicles
10.7 Certain Eco-Friendly Model Cities
10.7.1 Vadodara
10.7.2 Copenhagen
10.7.3 Portland
10.7.4 Singapore
10.7.5 London
10.7.6 Yokohama
10.7.7 Marrakesch
10.8 Expo 2020 Dubai: Digitally Connected
10.9 Eco-Friendly Lifestyle Needed
10.9.1 Eco-Friendly Housing
10.9.2 Different Alternatives for Waste Management
10.9.3 Safe Transport Facility
10.9.4 Energy Uses in Future
10.9.5 Education and Entertainment
10.9.6 Yoga and Healthy Life
10.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Spatial Analysis of Precipitation Climatology Over India: Using Satellite Remote Sensor
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Study Area
11.3 Data and Methodology
11.4 Results
11.4.1 Seasonal Variation and Trend in Precipitation
11.4.2 Monthly Variation and Trend in Precipitation
11.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 12: Timberline and Climate in the Indian Western Himalayan Region: Changes and Impact on Timberline Elevations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Area and Timberline
12.3 Methodology
12.3.1 Mapping of Timberline
12.3.2 Climate Data at Timberline Elevations
12.4 Results
12.4.1 Changes in Timberline Elevation During Last Four Decades (1976-2015)
12.4.2 Annual Mean Temperature and Total Rainfall at Timberline-Present (Year 2015)
12.4.3 Annual Mean Temperature and Total Rainfall at Timberline Altitudes-Past (Year 1976) and Rate of Changes
12.4.4 Changes in Timberline Elevations Between 1976 and 2015 and Corresponding Changes in Climate at Different Timberline Loc...
12.4.4.1 No Change in Timberline Altitude Between the Years
12.4.4.2 Upward Shift in ITL Locations
12.4.4.3 Upward Shift in CTL Locations
12.5 Discussion
12.5.1 Comparison with Previous Studies
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Design of Humanitarian Logistics Network Using Imperialist Competitive Algorithm
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Literature Review
13.2.1 Gaps in Literature
13.2.2 Contributions to the Literature
13.3 Problem Description
13.3.1 Contributors
13.3.2 Course of Events
13.3.3 Sources of Uncertainty
13.4 Mathematical Model
13.5 Proposed Algorithm for the Problem
13.5.1 Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA)
13.5.1.1 Generation of Initial Empires (Fig. 13.3a)
13.5.1.2 Assimilation: Movement of Colonies Toward the Imperialist
13.5.1.3 Revolution: A Sudden Change in Socio-Political Characteristics of a Country (Fig. 13.3b)
13.5.1.4 Movement of the Position of Imperialist and Colony
13.5.1.5 Total Power of an Empire
13.5.1.6 Imperialistic Competitions
13.6 The Case Description
13.6.1 Computational Results for Large Instances
13.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions
References
Chapter 14: Impact of Climate Change Related Heat Stress on Thermophysiological Vulnerability Among Workers in Unorganized Sec...
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Thermophysiological Variables
14.1.2 Physical Activity in Hot Environment
14.1.3 Acclimatization
14.1.4 Human Tolerance to Work in Hot Environment
14.1.5 Uses of Heat Stress and Strain Indices
14.2 Case Study 1: Heat Load on Workers in Open Cast Mines (Dutta et al. 2021)
14.3 Case Study 2: Heat Load on Indoor Workers (Dutta and Chorsiya 2014)
14.4 Recommendations for Human Exposure to Hot Environment
References
Chapter 15: Seagrass of Southeast Asia: Challenges, Prospects, and Management Strategies
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Seagrasses of Southeast Asia
15.3 Taxonomic Uncertainty
15.4 Fishes Are in Preference of Seagrass Ecosystem
15.5 Feasibility in Seagrass Conservation
15.6 Knowledge Gaps
15.7 Future Challenges
15.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Effect of Climate Change and Urbanization on Mangrove Ecosystem
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Causes of Mangrove Degradation
16.2.1 Climate Change
16.2.2 Effect of Rise in Temperature
16.2.3 Acidification
16.2.4 Effects on Coral Reefs
16.2.5 Urbanization
16.2.6 Industrialization
16.2.7 Anthropogenic Activities
16.2.8 Mangrove Resistance to Climate Change
16.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Impacts of Urbanization and Climate Change on Habitat Destruction and Emergence of Zoonotic Species
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Urbanization and Climate Change Induced Emergence of Zoonotic Species
17.2.1 West Nile Virus (WNV)
17.2.2 Dengue Fever Virus
17.2.3 Rabies
17.2.4 Monkeypox
17.2.5 Zika Fever Virus
17.2.6 Hantavirus
17.2.7 Lassa Fever Virus
17.2.8 Covid-SARS
17.2.9 Malaria
17.2.10 Helminthiasis
17.2.11 Leptospirosis
17.2.12 Yellow Fever Disease
17.2.13 Other Diseases
17.3 Methodology Used for the Impact Study
17.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Roles of Community Resilience and Risk Appraisal in Climate Change Adaptation
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Climate Change and the Impact
18.1.1.1 Livelihoods
18.1.1.2 Farming
18.1.1.3 Water Scarcity in the Hindu Kush Himalayas Region Has Led to an Uncertain Future for Water
18.1.1.4 Landslide
18.1.1.5 Clean Cooking
18.1.2 Community Kitchen and Events
18.1.3 Project Implementation-Case Study
18.1.4 Groundwork Methodology and Challenges
18.2 Conclusion
Further Reading