Climate Change and Pragmatic Engineering Mitigation

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Ocean, Weather, and Climate Change
1.1: Introductory Remarks
1.1.1: Ocean Characteristics: Observations and Measurements
1.1.2: Winds and Currents
1.2: Ocean Clines, Gyres, and Atmospheric Circulations
1.2.1: Thermocline, Halocline, and Pycnocline
1.2.2: Gyres
1.2.3: Atmospheric Circulations
1.2.3.1: Layers of the atmosphere
1.2.3.2: The Three cells and the tropopause
1.3: The Great Ocean Conveyor and the Water Cycle
1.3.1: The Great Ocean Conveyor
1.3.1.1: The ocean boundary layer
1.3.2: The Water Cycle
1.4: Weather and Climate
1.4.1: General Effect on Weather of Ocean-Atmosphere Circulations
1.4.2: Monsoons
1.4.3: Oscillations
1.4.4: Other Weather Changing Factors
1.5: Oceans and Climate Change
1.5.1: Abrupt Climate Change
1.5.2: Sea Level Changes
1.5.3: Ocean Acidification
1.5.3.1: Eutrophication
1.5.4: Sea Surface Temperatures
1.5.5: Overall Effects and Impacts
1.6: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 2: Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roof Insulation Materials during Life Cycle
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Life-Cycle Evaluation Methodology
2.2.1: Definition, Synonyms, Goals, and Purpose
2.2.2: Inventory
2.2.3: Impact Assessment
2.2.4: Interpretation
2.3: Information Analyses
2.3.1: Variants
2.4: Quantitative Analysis
2.5: Conclusions
Chapter 3: Mathematical Radiation Models for Sustainable Innovation in Smart and Clean Cities
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Potential of Solar Energy and Climate of Trabzon and Samsun
3.3: Theory and Calculations
3.3.1: Horizontal Superficies
3.3.1.1: Daily total sun irradiation
3.3.1.2: Daily diffuse sun irradiation
3.3.1.3: Total momentary sun irradiation
3.3.1.4: Diffuse and direct sun irradiation
3.3.2: On Inclined Superficies, Computing Sun Irradiation Intensity
3.3.2.1: Direct momentary sun radiation
3.3.2.2: Diffuse sun radiation
3.3.2.3: Momentary reflecting irradiation
3.3.2.4: Total sun irradiation
3.3.3: Simulation Results
3.4: Computational Conclusions
Chapter 4: Improving Heat Transfer Efficiency with Innovative Turbulence Generators
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Techniques of Heat Transfer Enhancement
4.2.1: Active Methods
4.2.2: Passive Methods
4.3: Turbulence Generator
4.3.1: Rigid Type Turbulence Generator
4.3.1.1: Grid
4.3.1.2: Rib and cylinder
4.3.1.3: Winglet and wing
4.3.2: Flexible Type Turbulence Generator
4.4: Conclusions
Chapter 5: Effect of Ambient Temperature and Wind on Solar PV Efficiency in a Cold Arctic Climate
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Solar PV Performance in Cold and Warm Temperatures
5.3: Solar PV Panel Efficiency
5.4: Solar PV Cell Temperature (TC)
5.4.1: Heat Losses from the Solar PV Arrays
5.4.1.1: Radiation (Qrad)
5.4.1.2: Convection
5.4.1.3: Energy balance
5.5: Methodology
5.5.1: PV Output Data
5.5.2: Weather Data
5.5.3: Estimation of PV Actual Output Efficiency
5.5.4: Sensitivity Analysis
5.6: Results and Discussion
5.6.1: Energy Balance
5.6.1.1: Base case
5.6.1.2: Sensitivity
5.6.2: Mean Annual Average
5.7: Conclusion and Future Plans
Chapter 6: A Review of Current Development in Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Hybrid Power Systems
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Working Principles of PV-TE System
6.2.1: Photovoltaic Cells
6.2.2: Thermoelectric Generator
6.2.3: Summary of PV-TE System Development within the Past Decade
6.3: Integrated PV-TE Hybrid System
6.4: Spectrum Splitting PV-TE Hybrid Systems
6.5: Conclusions
Chapter 7: Low-Risk Engineering Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change Impacts at Individual Level in Urban Areas: A Developing Country’s Viewpoint
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Mitigation vis-à-vis Adaptation Strategies
7.3: Climate Change as the Primary Cause of Urban Flooding
7.4: Floodwater Depth-Velocity Correlation
7.5: Flood Prevention
7.6: Structural Measures
7.7: Non-Structural or Regulatory Measures
7.7.1: Land Use Planning
7.7.2: Flood Plain Management
7.7.3: Flood Risks Mapping
7.7.4: Flood Early Warning System
7.7.5: Flood-Proofing: The Basic Concept of “Living with the Flood”
7.8: Living with the Flood as Climate Change Adaptation Strategies at Community Level
7.8.1: Flood-Proofing
7.8.2: Elevated Floor
7.8.3: Floating Platform
7.8.4: Flood Barriers or Flood Guards
7.8.5: Floodgates
7.8.6: Flap Gates and Backflow Valves
7.8.7: Reducing Runoff and Rainwater Harvesting
7.8.8: Recharge Wells
7.8.9: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 8: Analysis of Gender Differences in Thermal Sensations in Outdoor Thermal Comfort: A Field Survey in Northern India
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Methodology
8.2.1: Study Area
8.2.2: Data Collection
8.2.3: Biometeorological Index
8.2.4: Statistical Analysis
8.3: Results and Discussion
8.3.1: Descriptive Characteristics
8.3.2: Neutral Temperature
8.3.2.1: Male’s neutral temperature
8.3.2.2: Female’s neutral temperature
8.3.3: Correlation between the Meteorological Parameters and Thermal Index
8.4: Conclusion
Chapter 9: Urbanization and Food in the Biodigital Age
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Systems of Food Production Embedded in Architecture
9.3: Future Scenarios: 3D Printing for Edible Architecture between Urgent and Emergent
9.3.1: Edible Architecture for Temporal Uses
9.3.2: 3D Printing for Edible Architecture
9.3.2.1: Food and architecture mutability
9.3.2.2: Scaling-up and moving beyond
9.3.3: Design as an Output vs. Design as a System
9.3.3.1: An inquiry of architects
9.3.3.2: Foodshed and the strategic urbanism
9.3.3.3: 3D print for sustainable urban food cycle
9.3.4: Biomanufacturing the Future
Chapter 10: How Hydrogen Can Become a Low-Risk Solution for a Climate-Neutral Denmark by 2050
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Methodology
10.3: Analysis
10.3.1: Hydrogen Properties and Application
10.3.2: Hydrogen Vehicle’s Current Situation in Denmark
10.4: Results and Discussion
10.5: Conclusion
Index