Global climate change has created unprecedented challenges for human civilization due to its widespread adverse consequences, including a reduction in crop yield and threatening food security across the globe. Among the crop plants, legumes have great potential for ameliorating global warming since they can reduce carbon emissions by lowering reliance on the application of chemical fertilizers, by increasing nitrification and carbon sequestration in soil, and by providing protein-rich diets to both humans and livestock. This book identifies the extent of climate-induced stresses on legume plants and focuses on achieving food security through sustainable agricultural practices.
This book compiles recent research findings and reviews on climate-related problems, the potential of legumes in ameliorating the impacts of climate change, as well as better management of agricultural land and practices for achieving environmental sustainability and food security.
This book will serve as guidelines for scientists, agricultural practitioners, and policymakers working to achieve food security and better management of climate-induced stresses in agricultural interventions. It will also be useful as a reference book for researchers and students of both graduate and postgraduate levels. Furthermore, this book will provide enhanced knowledge about the mechanisms of yield and stress tolerance of legumes as well as developing climate-smart crops and improving cropping systems for a sustainable environment and food security.
Features of the book
Reviews trends of global climate change and its consequences for food security across the continents
Identifies the challenges and scopes of cultivating legumes in achieving food security in the context of global climate change
Focuses on the improvements of legume production through conservation approaches in agricultural practices and modern techniques, including omics-based breeding, biotechnology, genetic engineering, and rhizobium technology
Discusses the sustainable amelioration options for soils affected by climate-induced stresses
Cites examples of applications of rhizobium technologies in reducing greenhouse gas emission
Describes pathways associated with yield, resistance, and tolerance of legumes to climate-induced stresses
Author(s): Mohammad Zabed Hossain, Hossain Md Anawar, Doongar R. Chaudhary
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 266
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Editor Bio
Contributors
1. Legume Plants in the Context of Global Climate Change: Challenges and Scopes for Environmental Sustainability
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Global Climate Change: Evidence and Patterns across Continents
1.2.1 Evidence of Global Climate Change
1.2.2 Continental Patterns of Global Climate Change
1.2.2.1 Climate Change in Asia
1.2.2.2 Climate Change in Africa
1.2.2.3 Climate Change in Europe
1.2.2.4 Climate Change in Australia
1.2.2.5 Climate Change in North America
1.2.2.6 Climate Change in Central and South America
1.3 Impact of Climate Change on Crop Production
1.3.1 Impacts on Variety, Species, and Functional Types
1.3.2 Trends in Crop Production
1.4 Legumes and Biological Nitrogen Fixation
1.4.1 Taxonomic Description of Legumes
1.4.2 Nodulation and Biological Nitrogen Fixation
1.5 Climate-Induced Stresses on Legumes
1.5.1 Effects of Drought Stress
1.5.2 Effects of Heat Stress
1.5.3 Effects of Salinity
1.6 Benefits of Legumes for Environmental Sustainability
1.6.1 Role of Legumes in Mitigating Global Warming
1.6.2 Role of Legumes in Improving Soil Fertility
1.6.3 Role of Legumes in Soil Moisture Retention
1.6.4 Role of Legumes in Weed, Pest, and Disease Control
1.6.5 Role of Legumes in Reclaiming Degraded Soils
1.6.6 Role of Legumes in Enhancing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability
1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
2. Diversity in Legume Genetic Resources for Adaptation to Climate Stress
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Implications for Plants' Response to Climate Change
2.3 Legume Genetic Resources
2.4 Preservation of Seeds in Medium- and Long-Term Collections
2.5 Legume Production Sustainability and Climate Change
2.6 The Effect of Climate Change on Product Yield and Genetic Approaches
2.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
3. Diversity and Distribution of Legumes in Pakistan
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geographic Distribution of Plants
3.3 Distribution of Legumes in Pakistan
3.4 Genetic Diversity
3.5 Taxonomy, Distribution, and Uses of Legumes in Pakistan
3.5.1 Papilionoideae
3.5.2 Mimosoideae
3.5.3 Caesalpinoideae
3.6 Status of Legume Genebank
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Legume Inoculants Using Rhizobia Strains Effective to Reduce Nitrous Oxide Emissions
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Biological Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen
4.1.2 Nitrous Oxide
4.1.3 Sources of Nitrous Oxide Emissions
4.1.3.1 Nitrification
4.1.3.2 Denitrification
4.2 Agriculture and Nitrous Oxide
4.3 Nitrogen Use Efficiency
4.4 The Legumes
4.5 The Rhizobia
4.6 The Rhizobia-Legume Symbiosis
4.7 Nitrous Oxide Emission by Legume Nodules
4.7.1 Nitrous Oxide Emission by Nodules of Soybean (Glycine max)
4.7.2 Nitrous Oxide Emission by Nodules of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
4.7.3 Nitrous Oxide Emission by Nodules of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
4.7.4 N2O Emission by Other Rhizobia
4.7.5 Measuring N2O Production by Nodules
4.7.6 Perspectives and Strategies to Mitigate N2O Production by Nodules
Acknowledgments
References
5. Proteomics: Aim at Stress Mitigation in Soybean under Flooding
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Proteomics for Flooding Response Mechanism in Soybean
5.3 Proteomics of Soybean with Application of Chemicals for Flooding Tolerance
5.3.1 Plant-Derived Smoke Treatment
5.3.2 Abscisic Acid Treatment
5.3.3 Nanoparticle Treatment
5.3.4 Calcium Application
5.3.5 Other Applications
5.4 Proteomics Using Generated Flood-Tolerant Soybean Lines/Varieties
5.4.1 Soybean Varieties with Flooding Tolerance
5.4.2 Mutant Soybean with Flooding Tolerance
5.4.3 Transgenic Soybean Overexpressed Flood-Response Gene
5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
6. Impact of High Temperature Stress and Its Alleviation in Fabaceae
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Heat Stress and Its General Effects on Plants
6.3 Production Loss in Legumes due to Heat Stress
6.4 Comparison of the Family Fabaceae with Poaceae against Heat Stress
6.5 Alleviation of Heat Stress
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Genetic Improvement for Development of a Climate Resilient Food Legume Crops: Relevance of cowpea breeding approach in improvement of food legume crops for future
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Importance of Legumes in Meeting Food and Nutrition Security
7.3 Performance of Food Legumes under Drought and Heat Stress
7.3.1 Drought and Heat Stress at Flowering and Pod Formation of Legumes
7.4 Environmental Resources Utilization by Legumes
7.4.1 Soil Environment
7.4.2 Water Use of Legumes
7.4.3 Effect of Photoperiod
7.5 Consequences of Drought and Heat Stress on Productivity of Legumes
7.6 Mechanisms of Drought and Heat Stress Tolerance
7.6.1 Escape (Drought Avoidance)
7.6.2 Dehydration and Heat Avoidance
7.6.3 Tolerance to Drought and Heat (Dehydration Tolerators)
7.6.3.1 Morphological Adaptation
7.6.3.2 Physiological Adaptation
7.6.3.3 Molecular and Biochemical Adaptation
7.7 Breeding Approaches for Combating Drought and Heat Stress
7.7.1 Physiological Breeding Approach
7.7.2 DNA Marker-Assisted Selection
7.8 Legume Floral Traits and Early Maturity
7.8.1 Genetics of Early Maturity in Food Legume Crops
7.8.2 Genetics of Drought and Heat Tolerance in Food Legumes
7.9 Seed Traits and Grain Quality
7.10 Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Diseases
7.11 Breeding for Resistance to Nematodes
7.12 Breeding for Resistance to Insect Pests and Parasitic Weeds
References
8. Innovations in Agronomic Management for Adaptation to Climate Change in Legume Cultivation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Climate Change
8.3 Plant Breeding and Genetic Approaches
8.4 Planting Date - A Factor for Crop Production
8.5 Plant Population
8.6 Biodiversity for Agricultural Sustainability
8.7 Choice of Crop - A Vital Issue for Eco-friendly Cultivation
8.8 Crop Rotation and Cover Crops
8.9 Intercropping
8.10 Cover Crops
8.11 Soil Tillage
8.12 Fertilizing and Irrigation
8.13 Conclusions
References
9. Sustainable Amelioration Options and Strategies for Salinity-Impacted Agricultural Soils
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Strategies for Mitigating Salt Stress
9.2.1 Agronomic Practices
9.2.1.1 Irrigation
9.2.1.2 Crop Rotation
9.2.1.3 Use of Grafting
9.2.1.4 Use of Priming Techniques
9.2.2 Biological Methods
9.2.2.1 Use of Salt-Tolerant Crops and Transgenics
9.2.2.2 Remediation by Using Microorganisms
9.2.2.3 Phytoremediation of Salt-Affected Soil
9.2.3 Amendments by Inorganic Fertilizers
9.2.3.1 Application of Lime
9.2.3.2 Amelioration by Gypsum Addition
9.2.3.3 By Using Zinc-Fertilizers
9.2.3.4 Integrated Plant Nutrient Supplies
9.2.4 Organic Amendments
9.2.4.1 Use of Biochars and Composts to Remediate Saline-Sodic Soil
9.2.4.2 Use of Peat
9.2.4.3 Furfural Residues
9.2.5 Effects of Bio-organic Amendments on Saline Soils
9.2.6 Combined Use of Gypsum and Bio-organic Amendments
9.3 Global Climate Change and Salinity: A Case Study of Reclamation and Adaptations
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Microbial Populations and Soil Fertility in the Coastal Lands of India
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Land Degradation by Salinity
10.3 Distribution and Occurrence of Coastal Land in India
10.4 Crop Production Constraints in Coastal Soils
10.5 Effect of Soil Salinity on Plants
10.6 Salt Tolerance in Halophytes
10.7 Soil Fertility of the Coastal Soils of India
10.8 Soil Microbial Community Structure in Coastal Soil
10.8.1 Plant-Microbe Interaction in the Coastal Ecosystem
10.8.2 Salt-Tolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
10.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11. Strategic Solutions and Futuristic Challenges for the Cultivation of Food Legumes in India
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Challenges Identified for the Cultivation of Legumes
11.3 Desired Strategic Solution
11.3.1 Resource Use Efficient Technologies
11.3.2 Promotion of Efficient Water Management Technologies
11.3.3 Shifting of Pulses in Niche Areas
11.3.4 Crop Improvement Strategies
11.3.4.1 Non-lodging, Input Responsive, Short-Duration Pulse Cultivars
11.3.4.2 Breeding Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance Cultivars
11.3.4.3 Added Breeding Approaches
11.3.4.4 Inclusion of Speed Breeding
11.3.4.5 Pre-breeding
11.3.4.6 Hybrid Breeding
11.3.4.7 Genomics-Assisted Breeding
11.3.4.8 Genomic Resources
11.3.4.9 Candidate Genes and Trait Discovery
11.3.4.10 Virus-Induced Gene Silencing
11.3.4.11 CRISPR/Cas9 Induced Genome Editing
11.4 Conclusion
References
12. Climate-Induced Droughts and Its Implications for Legume Crops
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Drought and Desertification
12.1.2 Types of Drought
12.1.2.1 Meteorological Drought
12.1.2.2 Agricultural Drought
12.1.2.3 Hydrological Drought
12.1.2.4 Socioeconomic Drought
12.1.3 Links between Drought Severity and Climate Change
12.1.4 Causes of Droughts
12.1.4.1 Lack of Rainfall or Precipitation
12.1.4.2 Anthropogenic Causes
12.1.4.3 Drying Out of Surface Water Flow
12.1.4.4 Climate Change and Global Warming
12.1.4.5 Inappropriate Farming Practices
12.1.5 Major Drought Prone Areas of the World
12.1.5.1 Drought Prone Areas in Africa
12.1.5.2 Drought Prone Areas in Asia
12.1.5.3 Drought Severity in Australia
12.1.5.4 Drought Severity in Europe
12.1.5.5 Drought Severity in South America
12.1.5.6 Drought Severity in North America
12.1.6 Impacts of Drought on Agriculture
12.2 Legumes and Their Origin
12.2.1 Global Production of Legumes
12.3 Drought Effects on Legume Crops
12.3.1 Seed Germination and Growth Reduction
12.3.2 Root Growth
12.3.3 Leaf Traits
12.3.4 Plant Height
12.4 Yield Reductions in Legumes
12.5 Recommendations for Better Water Use
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Implication of Climate Change on the Productivity of Legumes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Consequence of High Temperature and CO2
13.3 Pattern of Climate Change
13.4 Yield Constraints in Major Grain Legumes
13.4.1 Photothermosensitivity
13.4.2 Drought
13.4.3 High Temperature
13.5 Effect of High Temperature on Reproductive and Seed Development in Pulses
13.6 Effect of Combined Stresses of Drought and Heat
13.7 Water-Use Efficiency, Canopy Temperature, and Transpiration under Drought and Heat
13.8 Response of Major Food Legumes to Climate Change
13.8.1 Cool Season Legumes
13.8.1.1 Chickpea
13.8.1.2 Lentil
13.8.2 Warm Season Legumes
13.8.2.1 Greengram or Mungbean
13.8.2.2 Blackgram or Urdbean
13.8.2.3 Pigeonpea
13.9 Climate Smart Food Legumes
13.10 Phenotyping of Grain Legumes
13.10.1 Thermal Imaging
13.10.2 Identification of Stable High-Yielding Genotypes
13.10.3 Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence
13.10.4 Membrane Stability
13.10.5 Acquired Thermotolerance
13.10.6 Expression of Heat Shock Protein
13.10.7 Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Chlorophyll, and Water-Use Efficiency (WUE)
13.10.8 Sucrose Synthase Activity
13.10.9 Pollen Viability and Germination
13.11 Phenotyping for Drought and Heat Tolerance
13.11.1 Oxidative Stress
13.11.2 Combined Effects of Drought and Heat
13.11.3 Stem Remobilization and Respiration
13.11.4 Root Traits for Combined Tolerance to Heat and Drought
13.11.5 Relevance of Combined Tolerance to Heat and Drought in Pulses
13.11.6 Strategies to Improve Yield under the Changing Scenario of Climate
13.11.6.1 Identification of Cultivars with Wider Adaptability
13.11.6.2 Osmotic Adjustment
13.11.6.3 Modification of Crop Duration and Phenology with High Biomass
13.12 Traits Intogression for Combined Tolerance
13.12.1 Use of Wild Accessions
13.12.2 Sources of Heat-Tolerant Genotypes in Pulses
13.12.3 Genomic and Transgenic Approaches
13.12.4 Genes for Drought Tolerance in Pulses
13.12.5 Transgenic Approach
13.12.6 Signaling and Drought Stress Tolerance
13.12.7 Molecular Markers for Adaptive Traits
13.12.8 Genomics Approaches for Stress Tolerance
13.12.9 Conventional and Omics-Based Breeding for Stress Tolerance
13.13 Conclusions
References
Index
