Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Management and Sustainable Practices in the Himalaya

Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Paraglacial Response to Recent Climate Change in the Upper Ganga Catchment
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 Geology and Geomorphology
2.2 Climate
3 Methodology
3.1 Geomorphological Mapping
3.2 Geospatial Analyses
3.3 Climate Trend Analysis
3.4 Constricted Valley Segment Demarcation
4 Result
4.1 Sediment Volume Estimation
4.2 Post-disaster (February 7, 2021) Removal of Sediments
4.3 Potential Zones for Landslide-Dammed Lake
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Trend of Climatic Components in Sub-Himalayan West Bengal: Evidence from Jalpaiguri District During the Last Centur...
1 Introduction
2 The Study Area
3 Data and Methods
4 Result and Discussion
4.1 Long-Term Temperature and Rainfall Anomalies
4.2 Mean Monthly Minimum Temperature Trend
4.3 Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature Trend
4.4 Mean Monthly Precipitation Trend
4.5 Mean Monthly Wet Days´ Frequency Trend
4.6 Trend of Seasonal Rainfall and Prevalence of Wet Days
5 Conclusion
Annexure 1
References
Chapter 3: Climate Change Impact on Major River Basins in the Indian Himalayan Region: Risk Assessment and Sustainable Managem...
1 Introduction
2 Regional Setting of the Himalayan River System
3 Impact of Climate Change on Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra River Basins
4 Impact of Future Climate Change on Himalayan River Basins
5 Risk Assessment
6 Sustainable Practices, Adaptation Strategies, and Policies
7 Climate Change Adaptation Policies Associated with IGB River Basins
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Forestry Policies and Practices to Promote Climate Change Adaptation in the Indian Western Himalayan States
1 Introduction
2 Biophysical and Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Study Region
3 Adaptation Initiatives in the IWH Region
3.1 Integration of Adaptation Initiatives in the State Action Plan on Climate Change
3.1.1 Major Proposed Actions Under Jammu and Kashmir State Action Plan on Climate Change
3.1.2 Major Proposed Actions Under Himachal Pradesh State Action Plan on Climate Change
3.1.3 Major Proposed Actions Under Uttarakhand State Action Plan on Climate Change
4 Developmental Policies, Programs, and Practices for Adaptation focusing Forestry in the IWH Region
5 Mainstreaming Adaptation in Forest Planning and Management
6 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
Chapter 5: Climate-Induced and Geophysical Hazards and Risk Reduction Financing in Mountain Regions
1 Introduction
2 Focus Area
3 Climate Drivers of Hazards in the Himalayas
3.1 Temperature
3.2 Precipitation
4 Climate Change Impacts in the Himalayas
5 Consequences of Hazards in the Uttarakhand Himalayas
6 Disaster Risk Reduction Financing in the Himalayas
6.1 Increases in Disaster Hazards Under Climate Change
7 India´s Policy Framework for Disaster Management
8 Financing Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Adaptation in HKH
9 Comprehensive Disaster Risk Financing
10 Microinsurance in India
11 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 6: Assessment of Existing Himalayan Glacier Inventories for Glacier Studies: A Case Study from the Ravi Basin of North...
1 Introduction
2 Regional Setting and Climate of the Study Region
3 Existing Himalayan Glacier Inventories
4 Methods and Datasets
4.1 Data Source
4.2 Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and Quality Assessment
4.3 Glacier Identification, Mapping, and Inventory
4.4 Mapping Uncertainty
5 Results
5.1 DEM Quality Assessment
5.2 Ravi Basin Glacier Inventory (RBGI) and Topographical Characteristics
5.3 Glacier Inventories Comparison in the Ravi Basin
6 Discussion
7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Tehri Reservoir Region Using Geospatial Approach
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Landslide Inventory
1.3 Susceptibility Mapping
1.4 Risk Mapping
2 Study Area
3 Data Used and Methodology
3.1 Landslide Inventory Mapping
3.2 Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
3.2.1 Preparation of Database for Susceptibility Analysis Using a Weighted Overlay Technique (Figs. 7.4 and 7.5)
3.2.2 Vegetation and Land Use and Land Cover Map
3.2.3 Linear Features (Lineaments)
3.2.4 Geomorphology
3.2.5 Drainage Map
3.2.6 Lithology
3.2.7 Soil Type
3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Weighted Overlay Technique
3.3.2 Risk Map Preparation
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Socioeconomic, Livelihood, and Ecological Transformation in the Sikkim Himalayan Region
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 Sikkim (Overview)
2.1.1 Rainfall
2.1.2 Forest Resources
2.1.3 Biodiversity
2.2 Study Sites
2.2.1 Overview of the Villages
3 Review of Literature
3.1 Climate Change and Impacts in the Himalayan Region
3.2 Community Perceptions of Climate Change in Sikkim: Impacts on Livestock, Agriculture, and Springs
4 Objectives
5 Data Sources
5.1 About SECURE Himalaya Project
6 Research Methods
6.1 Inception at District Level
6.2 Community Consultations
6.3 Review of Existing Village Plans
6.4 Stakeholder Consultations and Departmental Dialogue
6.5 Baseline Survey at Household Level Across the Identified Villages
7 Results
7.1 Demographics
7.2 Dependency on Natural Resources
7.2.1 Dependent Households on Natural Resources
7.3 Livelihood
7.3.1 Agriculture
7.3.2 Dairy, Livestock, and Animal Husbandry Activities
7.3.3 Tourism
7.3.4 Handicraft and Handloom
7.3.5 Cordycep Collection
7.3.6 MGNREGA and Other Related Activities
7.4 Human Wildlife Conflicts
7.5 Vanishing Skills and Changing Landscape
8 Discussions
9 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Chapter 9: Socioeconomic Aspect of Disaster Risk in Kashmir: Contextualizing Village Vulnerability in Sindh Basin
1 Introduction
2 Introducing Environmental Humanities in the Field of Hazards, Disasters, and Vulnerability
3 Redefining ``Natural Disasters´´ in the Context of Present Anthropocence
4 Socioeconomic Vulnerability and Disaster Risk: Level and Trends in HKH Region
5 Evidence of the Intersection of Poverty, Vulnerability, and Disaster Preparedness from the Sindh Basin of HKH Region
6 Is Rural Community in the Sindh Basin Ill-Prepared for Natural Disasters?
7 Religious Conceptions and Coping Mechanism of Disasters in Local Villages
8 Way Forward
9 Policy Implication
10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Indigenous Knowledge System and Livelihood Option of Natives of Lahaul and Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Lahaul and Spiti District
4 Materials and Methods
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Impacts of Climate Change on Plants with Special Reference to the Himalayan Region
1 Introduction
2 Impacts of Climate Change on Himalayan Vegetation
3 Phenological Changes
4 Timberline Shift
5 Biological Invasions
6 Habitat Loss
7 Diseases and Pests
8 Extinction and Vulnerability
9 Forest Fire
10 Conclusion and Future Policy and Recommendations
References
Chapter 12: Promotion, Utilization, and Commercial Cultivation of Local Spices with Special Reference to Eryngo (Eryngium foet...
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results and Discussion
4 Cultivation of Eryngo (Eryngium foetidum L.)
4.1 Raising of Seedlings
4.2 Land Preparation
4.3 Transplanting
4.4 Mulching
4.5 Irrigation
4.6 Inter Cultural Operation
4.7 Plant Protection
4.8 Harvesting and Leaf Yield
4.9 Economy
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Seasonal Variation of Ecosystem Fluxes of a Himalayan Banj-Oak-Dominated Vegetation
1 Introduction
2 Site Description, Instrumentation, and Methodology
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Surface Meteorological Conditions
3.2 Daily and Seasonal Variation of Ecosystem Fluxes
3.3 Functional Relationship Between NEE and Surface Meteorological Parameters
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Western Himalaya: A Systematic Review of Research and Conservation Interventions Im...
1 Introduction
2 Objectives of the Review
3 Study Area
4 Methods
4.1 Literature Search and Collation
4.2 Data Selection and Eligibility Criteria
4.3 Data Screening, Variable Identification, and Coding
4.4 Data Synthesis and Analysis
5 Limitations of the Current Review
6 Results
7 Temporal Patterns of HWC Research in Western Himalayas
8 The Geographic Spread of HWC Research in Western Himalayas
9 Focal Species of HWC Research in the Western Himalayas
10 The Focus of Conflict Research in the Western Himalayas
11 Gaps in HWC-Related Research in Western Himalayas
12 Drivers and Impacts of HWC in Western Himalayas
13 Conflict Management in the Western Himalayas
13.1 Preventive and Mitigative Measures for HWC
13.2 Implementation and Evaluation of Conservation Interventions to Alleviate HWC
14 Discussion
15 Trends of HWC and Species Involved
16 Critical Gaps in HWC Knowledge
17 Use of Ad Hoc Measures to Address Conflict
18 Conclusion
Appendixes
Appendix 1: Summary of Keyword Search on Google Scholar
Appendix 2: Database of 88 Articles Reviewed
Appendix 3: Data Extraction Form Utilised in the Current Review Chapter
References
Chapter 15: Groundwater Potential Assessment Using an Integrated AHP-Driven Geospatial Techniques in the High-Altitude Springs...
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 Barot and Thunag Valley
3 Material and Method
3.1 Analytical Hierarchy Process
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Physicochemical Parameters
4.2 Major Ion Chemistry
4.3 Factors Influencing Groundwater Potential Zones
4.3.1 Geomorphology
4.3.2 Lineament Density
4.3.3 Geology/Lithology
4.3.4 Slope
4.3.5 Soil
4.3.6 Land Use/Land Cover
4.3.7 Drainage Density
4.3.8 Groundwater Potential Zones
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Climate-Induced and Geophysical Disasters and Risk Reduction Management in Mountains Regions
1 Introduction
2 Climate Change in Mountain Regions
2.1 Climate-Induced Disasters
2.2 Geophysical Disasters
2.3 Implications on Environment
3 Occurrence of Climate-Induced and Geophysical Disasters in Himalayan Regions
3.1 Earthquakes
3.2 Landslides
3.3 Flood
3.4 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)
3.5 Snow Avalanche
3.6 Subsidence
3.7 Climate Extreme Events: Temperature, Droughts, and Wildfires
4 Observation and Monitoring Systems
4.1 Earthquakes
4.2 Landslides
4.3 Floods
4.4 Avalanches
4.5 Subsidence
4.6 Drought and Wildfires
5 Risk Reduction and Management in Himalayan Region
5.1 Understanding Risk
5.2 Mountain Specific Risk Management Framework (MSMRMF)
5.3 Reducing Risk and Increasing Resilience to Disasters
5.4 Adaptation Strategies
5.5 Decision-Making
5.6 Sustainable Development Goal
5.7 Risk Reduction by Technological Advancement
5.8 Policies to Reduce Risk
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Modelling of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in Humid-Wet Tropical Region of India
1 Introduction
2 Database and Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data Sources
2.3 Methodology
2.3.1 Thornthwaite´s Method (1948)
2.3.2 Hargreaves and Samani´s Method (1985)
2.3.3 Turc Method (1961)
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Estimation of ETo Based on Thornthwaite´s Method
4 Conclusion
References
Index