Clean Water And Sanitation

Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
Adaptive Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Management: Resilient Governance Systems
Definitions
Introduction
The Interaction of Water with Sanitation and Health: Management Implications
Adaptive Management and WASH Sector: Underlying Issues and Concerns
Developing a Robust Learning Sector for Enhanced Management of the WASH Sector
International Decade for Action on Water for Sustainable Development: Underlying Issues and Implications for the WASH Sector
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Adequate and Equitable Sanitation in Sri Lanka: Achievements, Issues, and Challenges
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Sri Lanka´s Performance in Achieving Adequate and Equitable Sanitation
The Issues and Challenges
Challenges in Safely Disposing in situ or Sagely Managing Sanitation
Challenges in Expanding International Cooperation and Capacity-Building
Challenges in Supporting and Strengthening CBOs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Advanced Oxidation Processes
Advanced Technologies in Water Treatment
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: Water Treatment
Conventional Water Treatment and Sustainability
Current Challenges
Advanced Oxidation Processes
O3-Based AOPs
Ozonation at the Elevated pH
Peroxone Process
Catalytic Ozonation
Ozonation with UV Irradiation
Fenton-Based AOPs
Fenton and Fenton-like Processes
Photo-Fenton and Photo-Fenton-like Processes
Photocatalytic AOPs
Adsorbents to Remove Pollutants
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
African Cities
Agricultural Output
Agricultural Produce
Agricultural Production
Approaches to Water Monitoring
Synonyms
Definitions
Approaches to Monitoring
Physical and Chemical Approaches
Biological Approaches
Citizen Science
Earth Observations
Monitoring in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goal for Water, SDG 6
Challenges for Monitoring at the Global Scale
Cross-References
References
Aquatic
Aquatic Ecosystems
Aquifer
Awareness Creation
B
Blue Water Pond
Build Capacities
C
Capacity Building in Water Resource Management in Developing Countries
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Current Status of Water Management Practices in Developing Countries
Water Resource Management in India
Challenges in Water Resource Management
Organizational Challenges
Operational Challenges
Necessity of Training and Monitoring
Need of Capacity Building in Water Resource Management
Initiatives for Capacity Building in Developing Countries
Guiding Principles for Achieving Sustainable Capacity Building in Developing Countries
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Capacity-Development
Catchment
Ceramic Water Filter as a Household Water Treatment System
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Ceramic Water Filters Fabrication Process
Raw Materials
Clay
Burn-Out Material
Water
Mixture Preparation
Molding
Drying and Firing
Ceramic Water Filters Treatment Mechanisms and Performances
Treatment Mechanisms
Performances
Raw Material Selection
Firing Process
Silver Impregnation
Source Water Quality
Challenges and Opportunities
Technical Aspects
Removal of Various Contaminants Classes
Solving the Equation Flow Rate Versus Microbial Efficiency
Environmental Aspects
Social Aspects
Practical Examples
Case Study 1: CWF Implementation in Cambodia
Case Study 2: CWF Implementation in Myanmar
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Citizen Participation
Citizen Science and Water Quality Monitoring: Evidence from Dublin and Beyond
Definitions
Introduction: What Is Sustainable Development Goal 6?
Delivering on the Targets
Citizen Science: The Role of the Citizen
Evidence and Practice
The Proven Benefit of Engaging the Citizen and Challenges
Case Studies
Earthwatch: FreshWater Watch
Dublin
Canada
China
Brazil
Conclusions and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Climate Change
Collaborative Governance
Co-management
Community Development
Community Led Sanitation
Community-Based Natural Resource Management
Community-Based Water Resources
Compensation Flows
Conditioning Flow Conservation Flows
Constitutionality
Constitutionality and the Co-management of Water Resources in Cameroon
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Environmental Politics and the Evolution of Constitutionality in Co-management of Natural Resources
Constructing Paradigms of Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)
International Organizations, Nongovernmental Organizations, and the Standard for CBNRM
The Growth of Community-Based Water Resource Management Models in Cameroon
The Issue of Constitutionality of Community-Based Water Systems
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Contribution of Citizens to Preserving Local Freshwater Ecosystems
Definition
Introduction
How and Which Citizens Contribute to the Preservation of Freshwater Ecosystems?
Case Studies from Europe and Africa
Portugal
Finland
Southern Africa
Challenges and Future Directions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Crop Yield
CWF
D
Dam-Related Displacement and Sustainable Development Goal 6
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Sustainable Development and Dams: Relevance to SDG 6 and SDGs
Land Scarcity and Dam-Related Displacement
Dam-Related Displacement as an International Human Rights Issue
Dams and Displacement: ``A Pathology of Development´´
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Deficiency
Democracy
Dendrochemistry as Chronological Data Monitoring to Address Mercury Water Contamination
Definitions
Introduction
Application of Dendrochemistry to Mercury Contamination Chronologic Trends in an Estuarine Tropical Ecosystem
Understanding Past Patterns, Evaluating Present Levels, and Predicting Future Evolution
Mercury in Tree and Sediment Cores
Future perspectives
Cross-References
References
Dependable Source of Water Supply
Desalination
Developing Countries
Difference Principle
Disaster Risk Reduction
Displacement
Drinking Water
Drinking Water Sources
Drought
E
Earth´s Water Distribution
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Water Distribution
Water Sources
Oceans, Seas, and Bays
Ice Caps, Glaciers, and Permanent Snow
Groundwater
Fresh Groundwater
Saline Ground Water
Soil Moister
Ground Ice and Permafrost
Lakes
Freshwater Lakes
Saline Lakes
Atmosphere
Swamps
Rivers
Biological Water
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ecological Flows
Economics
Ecosystem Services Approach and Natures Contributions to People (NCP) Help Achieve SDG6
Definition
Introduction
Sustainable Development Goals 6 ``Clean Water and Sanitation´´
Ecosystem Services Approach and NCP
Ecosystem Services Underpinning the SDG 6 Targets
Ecosystem Degradation Challenges Achievement of SDG 6 Goals
What Can Evidence on the Status and Trends in ES/NCP Tell Us About Progress Towards Achieving the SDG 6 Targets?
What Can Evidence on NCP 6 ``Regulation of Freshwater Quantity, Location, and Timing´´ Tell Us About Progress Towards Achievin...
What Can Evidence on NCP 7 ``Regulation of Freshwater and Coastal Water Quality´´ Tell Us About Progress Towards Achieving the...
How Can Insights from Ecosystem Services and the Ecosystem Services Approach Be Capitalized on to Help Achieve SDG 6 Goals - O...
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Ecosystems
Education
Effect of Water and Soil Quality on Crop Productivity
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Irrigation Water Quality
Salinity Hazard
Permeability and Infiltration Hazard
Specific Ion Toxicity
Trace Element Toxicity
Miscellaneous Effects
Crop Yield
Soil Water Plant Relationship
The Case Study of Water Contamination in the Byramangala Tank Command Area
Closure
Cross-References
References
Eminent Domain
Empowerment
Enhanced Capacity
Environmental and Ecological Flows for Sustainability
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Ecological Flows for the Sustainability of the Water Resource
Methodologies for the Determination of Environmental and Ecological Flows
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Environmental Degradation´s Effect on the Gains Made in SDG6
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Impacts of Environmental Degradation Arising on SDG 6 Targets
Industrial Waste Water Discharge
Inadequate Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
Mining Activities
Deforestation
Climate Change
Improper Waste Water Treatment
Emerging Pollutants
Status of Discussed Forms of Environmental Degradation
Status of Industrial Wastewater Discharge
Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management
Status of Control of Water Pollution from Mining Activities
Status of Deforestation
Climate Change Status
Status of Wastewater Treatment
Status of Management of Pollution by Emerging Pollutants
Conclusion and Recommendations on Way Forward
References
Environmental Deterioration Consequences on Progress of SDG6
Environmental Flows
Equality
Equity
Ethics in Water Resource Management: Roles, Frameworks, and Principles
Definitions
Introduction
The Role of Water Ethics
Frameworks for Water Ethics
Ethical Principles
Problems in Current Water Management: The Need for Water Ethics
Physical Problems
Water Pricing Problems
Pollution
Water Governance
Future Directions on Policy and Construction of Practical Water Ethics
Conclusions and Future Aims on Water Ethics and Resource Management
Cross-References
References
F
Farm Production
Fear Caused by Having to Handle Human Feces
Fecal Sludge Management for Sustainable Cities: Glimpses from Kenya
Synonym
Definition
Introduction
Benefits of Improved Fecal Sludge Management
Fecal Sludge Service Chain
Sanitation Systems in Kenya´s Urban Areas
FSM Scenario in Peri-Urban Areas of Kenya
Containment
Emptying and Transportation
Treatment
End Use/Disposal
Policy Framework
Institutional Framework
Legislative Framework
Challenges and Opportunities for Peri-urban FSM Service Delivery
Conclusion
References
Fecal Waste Management (FWM)
Fenton Reaction
Flood
Fragmented Water Management
Freshwater Ecosystems
G
Gendered Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Equality: Challenges and Opportunities
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Gender, WASH, and the SDGs
Gender, Women´s Work, and Sustainable Sanitation
WASH as a Platform for Promoting Equity
Privatization of WASH-Related Services and Social Implications
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Global Water Resources: Distribution and Demand
Definitions
Introduction
Distribution of Natural Water Resources on the Earth
Natural Sources of Freshwater
Surface Water
Groundwater
Frozen Water
Unconventional Water Resources
The Essence of Unconventional Water Resources
Reclaimed Water
Desalination of Water
Main Trends in the Development of Unconventional Water Resources
Water Uses
General Characteristics
Agricultural Water Use
Industrial Water Use
Domestic (Household) Water Use
Water Pollution
Water Scarcity: A Balance Between Resources and Demands
The Essence of the Water Scarcity
Depletion of Freshwater Resources as a Result of Increased Demands
Resulting Also in Water Conflicts
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Good Ambient Water Quality
Definition
Introduction
Ambient Water Quality Influences
Natural Influences on Ambient Water Quality
Geology
Climate
Biology
Location
Topography
Anthropogenic Influences on Ambient Water Quality
Anthropogenic Activities
Impacts Resulting from Anthropogenic Activities
Monitoring and Assessment of Ambient Water Quality
Ambient Water Quality in the SDGs
Cross-References
References
Good Governance
Groundwater Quality in Arid Environments
Definitions
Introduction
Characteristics of Groundwater Bodies
SeaWater Intrusion (SWI) and Saline Groundwater in Arid Environments
Concept of Seawater Intrusion and Saline Groundwater
Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Africa
Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Americas
Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Asia
Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Australia
Seawater Intrusion and Groundwater of Europe
Numerical Models for Groundwater Quality in Arid Environments
Conclusions
References
Groves Pond
H
Human Right to Sanitation
Definitions
Introduction
Normative Content
Furthering Rights Claims
Development Goals
Gender Equality
Progress and Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Human Right to Water
Human Right to Water and Water Rights
Definitions
Introduction
Anthropocentric Neoliberal Market-Based Water Governance
The Human Right to Water
Water Rights
Beyond Riparian and Prior Appropriation
Structural Challenges
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Hydraulic Engineering and Sustainability
Definitions
Introduction
Hydraulics as Applied Engineering Science
Sustainability of Hydraulic Structures
Hydraulic Engineering for Sustainable Development
What Is the Current Situation and Trends, Now in 2020?
Water Metering and Monitoring
Industry 4.0
Water Sector Industry 4.0 Adoption
Challenges and Risks in Water Sector Industry 4.0 Adoption
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Hydropower
Hydrosocial Cycle: Understanding Water as a Socionatural Production
Definition
Introduction
Background: From the Hydrological Cycle to the Integrated Water Resources Management
Conceptual Basis: Water as a Socionatural Hybrid
The Hydrosocial Cycle: Identifying Practical Applications Through a Brief Review of Its Research Areas
Future Directions: Integrating the Hydrosocial Cycle in Water Policies and SDGs
Cross-References
References
Hygiene
I
Inequality or Inequity
Influence of Human Terrain on Sustainable Water Management
Definitions
Introduction
Multilayered Forces of Human Terrain and Water Management
Cultural Terrain: Traditional Practices in Water Management
Social Terrain
Economic Terrain
Political Terrain
Case Study of Bengaluru City, India
Cultural and Social Terrain
Economic Terrain
Political Terrain
Initiatives for Sustainable Water Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Inland Freshwater Ecosystems
Integrated Decision-Making Processes
Integrated Resource Management
Integrated Surface Water Assessment
Definition
Introduction
Sources Monitoring and Assessment
Surface Water Monitoring and Assessment
Hydromorphological Monitoring and Assessment
Physical-Chemical Monitoring and Assessment
Biological Monitoring and Assessment
Biological Monitoring
Biological Assessment Methods
Integrated Surface Water Assessment
Monitoring and Assessment of Services and Consumers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integrated Urban Water Management
Integrated Water Cycle Governance
Integrated Water Cycle Management
Integrated Water Management
Integrated Water Resource Management
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Past Water Resource Management Approaches
Development of Integrated Water Resource Management
Unpacking Integration
Human System Integration
Implementing IWRM in Practice
IWRM and the SDG 6
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Integrated Water Resources Management
Integrated Water Resources Management Program
Integrated Water Resources Management: From Spring to Reuse
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Water: A Rare and Scattered Resource
Integrated Water Resources Management: A Global Approach
Culture and Water
Technologies in Integrated Water Management
Water Pollution
Waste Water Treatment
Reuse of Treated Wastewater as New Water Resource
Conclusion
References
Integration
L
Landscape Regeneration and the Role of Water
Definitions
Introduction
Landscape Regeneration and the SDGs
Forests
Grasslands
Wetlands and Rivers
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Legal Approaches to the Achievement of SDG 6
Definition
Introduction
Governance of Water Resources Under International Law
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)
Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions
Ramsar Convention
Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki Convention)
UN Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (New York Convention)
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Intersections
Preservation of Aquatic Ecosystems as Carbon Sinks
Obligations Under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement
Intersections Under International Law
Governance Approaches and Intersections
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Legality
Local Communities in Water and Sanitation: Practices and Challenges
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Context of the SDGs within the UN System
Clarifying the ``Local Community´´ in SDG6 According to Local Communities
Highlights from Two Major Initiatives
The Clean India Campaign
Gates Foundation and Reinvent the Toilet Challenge
Challenges
Technologies
Financial
Involvement
Climate Change
Governance
Conclusion - a Gendered Approach Is Essential
References
Local Community Participation in Water Management and Sanitation
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Local Community Approach on Clean Water and Sanitation Management
Integrated Water Resources Management (IRWM): A Standardized Approach to the Participation of Local Communities in Water Manag...
Community Consultation: A Tool for Community Participation to Projects
Water and Culture
Water and Sanitation
Water as an Economic Resource for Community
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Lodging Sector
M
Maintenance Flows
Menstrual Health and Hygiene in Sustainable Development Goal 6
Synonyms
Definitions
Main Body Text
Introduction: SDG6.2: `` the Needs of Women and Girls´´
Despite the Mention of Women´s ``Needs, ´´ SDG Monitoring Indicators Are Absent
The Importance of MHH in the SDGs
MHH Status and Initiatives Across the World
MHH Challenges for Indigenous Australian Girls and Women in Remote Communities: A Case Study
Implementation and Monitoring of MHH
Wider-Ranging Relevance of MHH Beyond SDG6.2
Outlook
Cross-References
References
Menstrual Hygiene Management
Metropolitan Water Management
Microflora of Surface Layers in Aquatic Environments and Its Usage
Definitions
Introduction
What Is Periphytic Biofilm?
How Is Periphytic Biofilm Formed?
The Functions of Periphytic Biofilm in Water Discharge Systems
Removal of Nutrients
Removal of Heavy Metals
Tolerance to Nanoparticles
Degradation of Organics
Control of Harmful Algal Blooms
Periphytic Biofilm Applied in Real Wastewater Treatments
Advantages and Limitations
Advantages
Limitations
References
Minimize Water Wastage
Multi-barrier Approach
N
Narratives for Water, Gender, and Human Development
Definitions
Introduction
Context and Key Dimensions
Gendered Vulnerabilities
The Water-Gender Nexus
Gender-Water-Migration Nexus
The Case Studies
Power Relations and Gender Norms in the Waterscapes
Water-Related Disasters and Disaggregated Impact on Gender
Gender, Water, and Urbanization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
National Plan for Water Resources Protection and Conservation
National Water Strategy
Natural Wet Ponds´ Role as Fresh Water Storage in Tropical Environment
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Natural Pond Hydrological Processes
Pond in Tropical Areas
Pond Water Storages
Linking Natural Pond and SDGs
Pond Supports Wetland Ecosystem
Local People Participation in Conservation
Future Perspectives
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Nexus of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Sustainable Development Goals
Definitions
Introduction
The Essence of Mainstreaming WASH in Country Development Planning
Addressing Different Notions and Approaches to Sanitation
Technological Dimensions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
O
Observe
Ozonation
P
Periurban Water: Recognizing the Margins for Sustainable Urban Water Futures
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Periurban Water Ecologies: Transformations and Processes
Land Use Changes and New In Situ Water Demands
Complex Jurisdiction and Governance Vacuum
Encroachment
Pollution
Spatial Water Transfers
Periurban Water Access Outcomes and Vulnerabilities
Institutional Outcomes for Water Access
Inequality in Access
Physical Burdens and Health Impacts
Shifting Livelihoods
Recognizing and Centering the Margins for Sustainable Urban Water Futures
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Photocatalysis
Photocatalytic Processes for Water Treatment
Definitions
Introduction
Solid-State Photocatalysts for Water Disinfection
Mechanism of Photocatalysis
Promising Photocatalysts
Photosensitizers for Water Disinfection
Mechanisms of Action
Promising Photosensitizers
Enhanced Containers for SODIS
Edible Dyes
Discussion
Suggestions for Further Research
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Potable Water
Produced Water as New Water in the Hydrocarbon Industry
Definitions
Introduction
PW Management, Constituents, and Treatment Options
Beneficial Use Practices
Agricultural Use
Industrial Use
Hydrological and Drinking Water Use
Other Uses and PW Products
Barriers and Regulatory Issues
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Public Sanitation and Hygiene
Q
Quality of Water
R
Rainwater - Stormwater
Rainwater Pond
Reclamation of Wastewater
Recycling and Reuse for Water Conservation
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Products and the Environment
Product Design
Product Life Cycle
Negative Effects of Products on the Environment
Design for Environment (DFE)
Recycling and Reuse
Recycling and Reuse for Water Conservation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Reduce Water
Reduce Water Wastage
Renewable Source of Water
Reserve Flows
Resettlement and Rehabilitation
Reusing Treated Wastewater
Riparian Zone
River Basin
River Basin Plan
Role of Potable Water in Food Processing
Definitions
Introduction
Role of Water in Food Processing
Potable Water
Water in Cleaning and Sanitation
Monitoring of Water Quality
Sustainability of Water in Food Processing
Wastewater as Output
Water Reuse
Water Indicators Associated with Food Processing
Food Processing and UN Sustainable Development Goals
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
S
Safe and Available Water
Sanitation
Sanitation Safety Planning (SSP)
Sanitation Sector
Sanitation Services
Sanitation Systems and Technology Options
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sanitation Systems
Onsite Sanitation Systems
Onsite Systems with Fecal Sludge Management and Offsite Treatment
Onsite Systems with Fecal Sludge Management, Sewerage, and Offsite Treatment
Offsite Systems with Sewerage and Offsite Treatment
Urine-Diverting Flush Toilet with Sewerage and Offsite Wastewater Treatment
Sanitation Safety Planning
Future Sustainable Sanitation Practices
Hygiene and Health
Environment and Natural Resources Recovery
Technology and Operation Adaptability
Financial and Economic Issues
Socio-cultural and Institutional Aspects
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
SDG6
Semi-urban (Water)
Sewage - Wastewater
Slum
Social Justice and WASH Education for Improved Health and Well-Being
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Health as the Basis of Human Development and Sustainable Development
Addressing the Challenge of Social Determinants of Health (SDH)
Improving Access to WASH Services for Health and Well-Being
Social Justice as Vehicle for Leaving No One Behind: The Case of WASH
Social Justice as a Platform for Inclusive Socioeconomic Development
Highlighting Inequities in WASH Service Delivery for Improved Outcomes
Addressing Background Issues and Cross-Cutting Matters in the WASH Sector
Coupling Social Justice with Education/Awareness Creation in the WASH Sector to Leave No One Behind
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
SODIS
Soil and Water Conservation and Sustainable Development
Definitions
Introduction
History of Soil and Water Conservation
Ancient Soil and Water Conservation Activities
Modern SWC Practices and Current Situations
Evolution of Soil and Water Conservation Since the 1930s
Building Synergies Between Indigenous and Introduced SWC Activities
Toward Adaptive and Participatory Research to Enhance the Knowledge System
Continuum of Shifts of Technologies and Approaches: Soil and Water Conservation - Soil and Water Management - Land Husbandry -...
A Shift in Approaches and Evolution of Policies: From Top-Down to Bottom-Up and to Mix of the Two Approaches
Contribution of Soil and Water Conservation Toward Meeting Sustainable Development Goals
Opportunities and Prospects
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Solar Disinfection as a Water Treatment Technology
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Obstacles for SODIS Uptake
SODIS Inactivation Mechanisms
Modelling of SODIS Processes
Practical Examples
Conclusions
References
Source Water Protection (SWP)
South Asia
Space Pond
Sri Lanka
Stakeholders´ Engagement
Structural Stormwater Best Management Practices and Watershed Management
Definitions
Introduction
Structural BMPs Methods
Rainwater Use
Rainwater Harvesting
Treatment
Stormwater Ponds or Detention Ponds
Bioretention Areas
Biotopes
Gravel and/or Sand Filters
Detention and Infiltration
Rooftop Retention
Permeable Pavements
Infiltration Trenches and Basins
Swales
Vegetative Filter Strips (VFS)
Conveyance
Open stormwater drains or canals
Evapotranspiration
Passive and Active Evapotranspiration
Conclusions
References
Subaltern
Suburban (Water)
Suggestion
Survey
Sustainability
Sustainable Urban Water Management
Sustainable Water Use
T
Technology Options
TiO2 Photocatalysts for Degradation of Micropollutants in Water
Definition
Introduction
Micropollutants
Water Treatment Technologies
TiO2 Photocatalyst
Choice of a Photocatalyst Material
Mechanism of Photocatalysis
Structure and Properties of TiO2 Photocatalyst
Modifications of TiO2
Photocatalytic Reactors and Process Parameters for Pollutant Degradation
Challenges and Future Scope
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Toilet Facilities
Township
Track Changes
Transboundary Waters Cooperation: The Southern African Development Community Revised Protocol
Definitions
Introduction
Distribution of World Shared Water Resources
Threats and Challenges to Transboundary Waters
Transboundary Waters Cooperation in Southern African Development Community
Introduction to the Southern African Development Community (SADC)
State of Water Resources in SADC Region
Implementation of the SADC Revised Protocol for Peace and Prosperity in the Region
SADC Regional Water Policy and Strategy
Regional Strategic Action Plans (RSAPs) on Integrated Water Resources and Development Management
River Basin Organisations and Basin-Level Agreements
Successes
Existence of the SADC Revised Protocol
Nesting the SADC Revised Protocol Within a Regional Economic Community
Establishment of the SADC Groundwater Management Institute
Challenges
Need for the Strengthening of RBOs
Inconsistent Interpretation of International Legal Instruments
Incomplete Implementation of National Policy by Member States
Capacity Constraints
Need for the Incorporation of Emerging Issues
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
U
Universal Access to Sanitation
Definitions
Introduction
Human Right to Water and Sanitation
Human Right to Water and Sanitation in Public Spaces
The State´s Role
Guarantee the Active Participation of Society
Sustainable Development Goals and Its Relationship to Universal Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban (Water)
Urban Drainage and Sewage Systems: Diffuse Pollution and System´s Interconnection
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Rainwater and First Flush Pollutants
Causes of Interconnections and Diffuse Pollution: The Role of Environmental Education
Rainwater Problems
Rainwater Green Solutions and Low Impact Development
Combined Sewer System and Combined Sewer Overflow Control
Separate Sewer System and Its Problems
Dry Weather Flow Treatment: Possibility and Limitation
Interconnections Identification
The Challenge of a Public Policy of Interconnections Interruption
The Challenge of a Public Policy of Diffuse Pollution Control and Future Development of Sewage and Stormwater Systems
Cross-References
References
Urban Fringe (Water)
Urban Sprawl
Urban Sprawl (and Water)
Urban Stormwater Management for Future Cities: Sustainable and Innovative Approaches
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Low Impact Development
Flood Risk Trading
Citizen Science in Flood Simulation
Future Danube Model
Flood Poverty Trap
Future Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Urban Water Deficit
Urban Water Deficit in Sub-Saharan African Cities
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Freshwater: A Natural Renewable Resource and Its Importance for Human Life
Population and Water Deficit in the Sub-Saharan African Region (SSA Region)
Water Deficit: A Challenge for the Cities in the SSA Region
The Problem of Unplanned Urban Development
Infrastructure Gap
Climate Change and Its Impacts
Sustainable Water Management in SSA Cities
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Water Governance and Sustainability
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Urban Water Governance
Urban Water Management Examples from Australia
Water Supply and Wastewater Services
Stormwater Services and Flood Management
Governance Structure and Roles
New South Wales
Victoria
Queensland
Western Australia
South Australia
Tasmania
Australian Capital Territory
Northern Territory
Sustainable Urban Water Management
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Urban Water Governance in Zimbabwe: Opportunities and Challenges Toward SDG6
Definitions
Introduction
What Is Water Governance, and Why Is it Important?
What Is Good Water Governance or Effective Governance?
Analytical Framework
Zimbabwe Water Availability and Use Overview
Water Policy and Legislative Framework
Zimbabwe Institutional Framework
Water Access and Allocation System
Challenges in Urban Water Governance
Opportunities for Urban Water Governance
Inclusion of Private Sector in Water and Sanitation Sector in Financing and Services Provision
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Urban Water Scarcity in Semi-arid Regions: Water Management in Southern Spain
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Urban Water Scarcity in a Semi-arid Region: The Segura River Basin
Climate Change Scenarios in a Semi-arid Region: The Segura River Basin
Urban Water Management and Recent Water Consumption Trend
Urban Sprawl and Their Repercussion in Water Demand
Limitations and New Opportunities for Reduce Water Scarcity
Water Transfers: A Water Dependence from Other Basins
Desalination: A New Resource for the Adaptation to Climate Change Scenarios but with Lights and Shadows
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
W
WASH
WASH or Watsan, or WaSH
Wastewater Management
Wastewater Use in West African Urban Agriculture: Benefits and Risks
Definitions
Introduction
Benefits
Urban Farming in West Africa
Sources of Wastewater for Agriculture
The Multiple-Barrier Approach for Improved Safety of Wastewater Use
Wastewater Hazards
Physical Hazards of Wastewater in Urban Agriculture
Chemical Hazards of Wastewater in Urban Agriculture
Biological Hazards of Wastewater in Urban Agriculture
Wastewater as Source of Microorganisms and Genes Resistant to Antibiotics
Heavy Metal Contamination of Wastewater in Urban Agriculture
Wastewater Use for Animal Production in Urban Agriculture
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Water
Water Access
Water Alternatives
Water and Gender Issues
Definitions
Introduction
Gender in Water Use and Management for Domestic Purposes
Water Collection
Water and Poverty
Gender in Water Use and Management for Productive Purposes
Agriculture and Irrigation
Environmental Change and Restoration of Water-Related Ecosystems
Gendered Vulnerabilities to Climate Change
Conclusion: Gender Mainstreaming in Water-Related Development Projects
Cross-References
References
Water and Sanitation Poverty in Informal Settlements of Sub-Saharan Africa
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Access to Safe Water
Access to Adequate Sanitation
Future Directions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Availability and Access
Definitions
Introduction
Water Availability
Water Flows: The Hydrologic Cycle
Water Stocks: Global Water
Water Stocks: Sources of Drinking Water
Floods and Droughts
Demand: Water Usage
Water Usage: Virtual Water
Water Scarcity and Water Stress
The Impacts of Climate Change on Water Availability
Water Access
Water Quality
Transboundary Politics
Economics and Funding
Rural and Urban Challenges
Gender Issues
Hygiene and Sanitation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Availability and Access in the Pacific
Definitions
Introduction
The Pacific Region
Water Resources for the Pacific People
Challenges Faced by the Pacific
Rainfall Patterns
Temperature
Sea Level Rise
Tropical Cyclones
Non-climatic Factors
The Way Forward
The Framework for Pacific Regionalism
The Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific
The Pacific Roadmap for Sustainable Development (PRSD)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Commons
Water Conflicts
Water Conflicts: An Obstacle to SDG6
Definitions
Introduction
Water Conflicts
Conflicts Between Uses
Conflicts Between Users
Conflicts with Nonuser Actors
Intergenerational Conflicts
Interjurisdictional Conflicts
Factors That Influence Water Conflicts
Socio-Environmental and Institutional Factors
Water Governance Weaknesses
Institutional Fragmentation and Lack of Participation
Water Conflicts and SDG6
Goal 6.1: Universal and Equitable Access to Water
Goal 6.2: Adequate and Equitable Access to Sanitation
Goal 6.3: Water Quality Improvement
Goal 6.6 Water-Related Ecosystems Protection and Restoration
Strategies for the Prevention of Conflicts over Water
Conclusions
References
Water Consumption
Water Deficit
Water Demand
Water Ethics: Methodology of Engagement to Help Achieve SDG6
Definitions
Introduction
Ethical Engagement in State and Global Governance
Methodology Matters
The Biosphere Ethics Initiative: A Rooted Cosmopolitan Approach
The Ethics of SDG6
The Water Ethic as Guidance for SDG6
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Footprint and Virtual Water
Definitions
Introduction
Discussing Water Footprint and Virtual Water Concepts
Water Footprint Accounting, Auditing, and Assessment
Better Informed Decisions and Policy-Making
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Water Governance
Water Governance and Social Learning: Approaches, Tools, and Challenges
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
From Government to Governance
Participation: Who Is Involved and Why?
Water Governance: Paradigm Shift and Principles
Learning Governance: Approaches and Tools
Social Learning: Learning from Stakeholder Engagement
Challenges
Cross-References
References
Water Limitation
Water Management
Water Perception
Water Plan
Water Planning
Water Planning to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Water Planning and Sustainable Development Goals
From the Agenda 21 to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
The Role of Water Planning to Achieve SDG Targets
Using SDG Indicators for Water Planning
Typology of Water Planning and Plans
Plan-Oriented Versus Process-Oriented Planning
From Strategies, to Programs and Projects
Types of Water Plans
The Cycle of Water Planning
Team Building and Problem Framing
Plan Development
Diagnostic Analysis
Goal Setting
Implementation Measures
Evidence Base and Other Materials
Approval Iterations
Plan Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation
The Relationship between Water Plans and Other Documents
Hierarchical Principles
The Key Role of Permits for Plan Effectiveness
Public Participation in Water Planning
Participation in Water Decision-Making
Co-Production of Water Planning
Challenges to Water Planning
Process: What Observation, Scale and Effectiveness?
Integration: How Far to Go?
Knowledge: What Role for Science, Technology, and Society?
Cross-References
References
Water Preservation
Water Provision, Rights, and Poverty in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Water and the Multidimensional Experience of Poverty
Water and Poverty in the Sustainable Development Goals
Hidden Dimensions of Poverty and Water
Water Provision and Poverty: Human Rights Priorities
Nondiscrimination and Inequality
Gender
Cultural Identity: Indigenous Peoples and Peasant Communities
Structural Racism and Discrimination
Affordability
Access in All Spheres of Life: Water Provision Beyond Household Drinking Water
Participation and Accountability
Privatization of Water Provision
Mega Development Projects, Scarcity, and Priority Allocation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Quality
Water Quality and Economy for Sustainable Growth
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Significance of Water for Sustainable Economical Growth
Economic Importance of Quality Water
Drinking Water Consumption
Human Health Linkages with Water Quality
Investments in Water Sector
Water Pricing
Bottled Water Costs
Water Environment Management
Cross-References
References
Water Quality and Protection at Source
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Common Sources of Drinking Water Pollution
Agriculture and Livestock
Waste and Wastewaters
Industry
Contaminants of Emerging Concern
Measures toward Source Water Protection
Source Water Protection Governance
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Quality Benchmarks
Water Quality Criteria
Water Quality Goals
Water Quality Objectives
Water Quality Targets
Water Quality: Standards and Indicators
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Classification and Indicators of Water Quality
Water Quality and Impacts on Users
Water Quality Monitoring
Water Quality Databases and Reports
Water Quality Indicators and Methods
Water Quality Standards or Targets
Water Quality and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Indicator 6.1.1 on Safe Drinking Water (UN Water 2018a)
Indicator 6.3.1 on Proportion of Wastewater Safely Treated (UN Water 2018b)
Indicator 6.3.2 on Ambient Water Quality (UN Water 2018c)
Indicator 6.6.1 on Water-Related Ecosystems (UN Water 2018d)
Indicators 14.1 and 14.3 on Marine Water Quality (UNDESA 2018)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Research and Innovation Partnership Addressing Sustainable Development Goals
Definitions
Introduction
The Joint Programming Initiative Concept
The Water Challenges Tackled by the Water JPI
The Water JPI Activities Relevant to the Water-Related UN SDGs
Strategic Research Agenda and Foresight Activities
Funding Transnational RDI Projects
Supporting Knowledge Transfer
Conclusions
Pathways to Impact
Increase in Investments in Water-Related Multilateral Co-Operation
Leverage Effect for Water Research Communities
Leverage Effect for Individual Countries
Building Linkages/Research Capacity with Developing Countries
Informing Water Policies
Raising Awareness
Future Directions
References
Water Resources
Water Resources Assessment
Definitions
Concept of Water Resources
Types of Water Resources
Water Resources Assessment
Scales of Water Resources Assessment
Steps in Water Resources Assessment
Information Needs and Data Sources
Biophysical Data
Hydrometeorological Data
Processing and Interpretation of Data
Topographic Data
Scenarios and Modeling
Presentation of Data and Water Resources Assessment Results
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Resources Governance
Water Resources Management
Water Scarcity
Water Scarcity: Classification, Measurement, and Management
Definitions
Introduction
Water Scarcity as Target in the Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG6) - Clean Water and Sanitation
Classification and Characterization of Water Scarcity
Causes of Water Scarcity
Measuring Water Scarcity
Water Stress Index (WSI)
Withdrawal-to-Availability Ratio (WTA)
Physical and Economic Water Scarcity
Social Water Stress Index (SWSI)
Water Poverty Index
Managing Water Scarcity
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Water Sector
Water Sector Reform Program
Water Security
Water Supply
Water Supply and Quality in the Sub-Saharan Africa
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Water Supply Conditions
Factors Influencing Water Supply in the Region
Climate Variability and Change
Water Infrastructure
Urbanization and Population Increase
Inadequate/Unsustainable Technological and Institutional Arrangements
Water Quality Conditions
Factors Associated with Water Contamination in the Sub-Saharan Africa
Non-industrial (Including Domestic and Commercial/Trading) Activities
Agricultural Activities
Industrial Activities
Natural Pollution
The Vision for Meeting the Challenges of SDG 6 in the Sub-Saharan Africa
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Water Transfers
Water Use
Water Use in the Tourism Accommodation Sector
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: Water, Tourism, and Sustainability
The Uneven Geographies of Water and Tourism
Quantity, Quality, and Sustainability
Determinants of Water Consumption in Tourist Accommodations
Structural and Contextual Factors
Organizational Factors
Advancing Toward SDG 6
Cross-References
References
Water Use, Fecophobia, and Implications for Public Health
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The ``Soil-Food-Feces-Water´´ Nexus
Overcoming Fecophobia and Water Conservation Approaches
Wastewater as a Resource
Conclusion and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Water Uses and Global Change
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Less than 3% of the Earth´s Freshwater to Satisfy Multiple Uses
Some Regions Are More Vulnerable than Others
Universal Access to an Essential Service: A Guarantee? Not for Everyone
Safe and Healthy Water
Water Is Essential to the Food Security of Ten Billion People
Filling the Water Gap with New Resources
Conclusion: Water, a Common Good to Be Preserved and Shared
Cross-References
References
Water Values: Discourses and Perspective
Definitions
Introduction
Setting the Scene: Continuum of Ecosystem Organization, Functions, Services, Benefits, and Values
Discourses on Water Value and Valuation
Divergent but Interconnected Water Values
Principles and Frameworks for Practical Application of Valuing Water
Water Valuing Principles
Practical Application and Approaches to Valuing Water
Future Perspective
Acknowledgment
References
Water Vulnerability
Water-Energy-Food Interconnections: Methods, Tools, and Cross-Sectoral Decision Making
Definitions
Introduction to the SDGs and Their Interconnections
The Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus
Modeling Trade-Offs to Strategize Pathways Forward
Cross-Impact Analysis
System Dynamics Modeling
Governance, Policy Coherence, and Management Implications
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Water-Energy-Food Sustainable Development Goals in Morocco
Definitions
Introduction
Why Morocco?
Indicators, Targets, Goals, National Strategies
Analytical Framework
Tool Structure and Scenario Development and Evaluation
Scenarios and Results
Base Scenario and Results
Scenarios with Varying Levels of Achieving National Targets for Food, Water, and Energy
-25%-50%-75%-100% of Water, Energy, and Food National Targets (with 0% Change for Cereals)
No RE Versus Full Solar Versus Full Hydro Versus Full Wind
No Nonconventional Versus Full Desalination Versus Full Treated Wastewater Targets
Discussions of Trade-Offs
Overall Comments on Scenarios and Trade-Offs Analysis
Importance of Capturing Spatial and Temporal Attributes and Identifying Hotspots
Assumptions and Limitations
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Water-Related Ecosystems
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Water-Related Ecosystems and SDGs
SDG Targets and Indicators Supporting Water-Related Ecosystems
Recent Trends and Key Literature
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Watershed Water Balance
Definition
Introduction
Watershed
Transboundary Water Resources Management
Competition for Water Supply
Water Quality Deterioration
Time of Water Flow
Sources of Water in the Watershed
Rain
Surface Water
Groundwater
Hydrologic Cycle and the Water Balance
Hydrologic Processes
Water Budget
Snowmelt Estimation
Energy Balance Method
Temperature Index (Degree-Day) Method
Watershed Management and Protection
Use of GIS in Watershed Management
Effect of Deforestation on Watershed Water Balance
Climate Change Impact on Watershed
Integrated Watershed Resources Management (IWRM)
Summary and Conclusion
References
Watershed-Based Management for Sustainable Freshwater Resources
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Integrated, Watershed-Based Approaches for Sustainable Water Resource Management
Recommended Guidelines
Integrated Watershed Management at Multiple Scales
Outlook - A Vision for Moving Forward
Cross-References
References
Wet Pond