Anthony Keddie investigates the changing dynamics of class and power at a critical place and time in the history of Judaism and Christianity - Palestine during its earliest phases of incorporation into the Roman Empire (63 BCE–70 CE).
He identifies institutions pertaining to civic administration, taxation, agricultural tenancy, and the Jerusalem Temple as sources of an unequal distribution of economic, political, and ideological power. Through careful analysis of a wide range of literary, documentary, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence, including the most recent discoveries, Keddie complicates conventional understandings of class relations as either antagonistic or harmonious. He demonstrates how elites facilitated institutional changes that repositioned non-elites within new, and sometimes more precarious, relations with privileged classes, but did not typically worsen their economic conditions. These socioeconomic shifts did, however, instigate changing class dispositions. Judaean elites and non-elites increasingly distinguished themselves from the other, through material culture such as tableware, clothing, and tombs.
Author(s): Anthony Keddie
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: xxv, 353
City: Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY
Tags: Social classes -- Palestine -- History -- To 1500; Power (Social sciences) -- Palestine -- History -- To 1500; Palestine -- History -- To 70 A.D.; Palestine -- Social conditions; Power (Social sciences); Social classes; Social conditions; Middle East -- Palestine
List of Figures page ix
List of Tables x
Acknowledgments xi
Note on the Text xv
Abbreviations xix
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Urban Development and the New Elites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Urban Development and Elite Power 18
The Persistence of Toparchies 25
The Decapolis and Coastal Cities in Transition 32
Urban Development in Jerusalem 37
Urban Development in the Galilee 49
Rural Mansions and the Question of “Roman Villas” 65
Conclusion 70
2. Land Tenancy and Agricultural Labor: “The Land
Is Mine” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
The Theory of Roman Proletarianization 72
Land Tenancy from the Iron Age to the Hasmoneans 75
Early Roman Tenancy and the Expansion of Private Land 86
Estate Fragmentation and Landowner–Tenant Relations 93
Balancing the Debt Spiral 101
Conclusion 109
3. Taxation: Render unto Caesar and the Local Elites . . . . . . . .111
Elites and the Introduction of Roman Tributes 113
Censuses and the Regulation of Tributes 122
Indirect Taxes 133
Elites, Indirect Taxes, and Market Oversight 141
Conclusion 150
4. Economy of the Sacred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Religion and Economics in the Roman East 153
Jerusalem’s Temple Economy 161
Tithes 176
Conflicting Institutions in the Torah 176
Changes under the Hasmoneans 178
Tithing in the Early Roman Period 185
The Temple Tax 188
Conclusion 195
5. Material Culture from Table to Grave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
The Archaeology of Class 198
Tableware 203
Oil Lamps 211
Dress 219
Mortuary Practices 223
Non- elite Burial 224
Elite Burial 227
The Material Culture of Burial 237
Burial and Class Distinction in Texts 240
Conclusion 247
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Institutional Change and Political Power 249
Institutional Change and Economic Power 250
Institutional Change and Ideological Power 251
Appendix A Herodian Rulers 255
Appendix B High Priests during the Early Roman Period 257
Appendix C Palamyra Duties (137 ce) 259
Bibliography 261
Index of Ancient Sources 333
Index of Subjects 346
