Civil Society and Peacebuilding in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Anthropocene: An Overview

Foreword by Urmila Bob
Foreword by Jan Cillié (Jannie) Malan
Preface by Will Steffen
Preface by Luc Reychler
Acknowledgements
Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Part I Civil Society Organisations as Key Players in Peacebuilding in the Anthropocene
1 General Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aim and Scope
1.3 Civil Society
1.4 Functions of Civil Society
1.5 Civil Society and Peacemaking
1.6 The Anthropocene
1.6.1 Environmental Justice
1.6.2 Peace Ecology
1.7 Structure of the Book
References
2 Peace Ecology in the Anthropocene for Africa
2.1 The Anthropocene: A Turning Point, Context, Challenge and Opportunity
2.2 Peace Ecology in the Anthropocene Since 1945
2.3 Ecological Peace Policy in the Anthropocene
2.4 Rethinking Human Development in the Anthropocene
2.5 Demographic and Ecological Challenges Facing Africa in the Anthropocene
2.6 Conflicts Threatening Africa in the Anthropocene
2.7 Impact on Peace Research and Ecology in Africa
2.8 Towards Peace Ecology for Africa in the Anthropocene
2.9 Ecological Peace Policy for Africa in the Anthropocene
2.10 Outlook: Rethinking and Integrating Research and Action in the Anthropocene
References
3 Civil Society, Climate Change, Security Risks Management and Peacebuilding in the Anthropocene
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Anthropocene Epoch
3.3 Planetary Boundaries and the Survival of Humanity
3.4 Climate Change, Security and Peacebuilding
3.5 Climate Conflict-Sensitive Adaptation
3.6 Environmental Conflicts and Environmental Justice
3.7 Peace Ecology
3.8 Ecoeducation, Eco-Ethics and Environmental Ethics
3.9 Civil Society and Climate Change
3.10 Human Agency
3.11 Conclusion
References
4 Faith-Based Organisations and Environmental Peace: Impact of Laudato Si’ and Its Relevance in the Anthropocene
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Key Concepts
4.2.1 Civil Society
4.2.2 Peacebuilding
4.2.3 The Anthropocene
4.3 Faith-Based Organisations and Peacebuilding
4.3.1 Faith-Based Organisations and Environmental Peacemaking
4.3.2 Catholicism and Peacebuilding
4.3.3 Precedents of Laudato Si’
4.3.4 Conscientious Stewardship
4.3.5 Ecological Conversion for Pollution and Failed Stewardship
4.4 Analysis and Argument
4.4.1 Pope Francis’ Path to Rebuild Earth System Wellness
4.4.2 World Religions’ Impact on Climate Change
4.4.3 Ecological Education
4.5 Conclusion
References
Part II Micro-level Case Studies
6 Empowering Women to Build Peace: A Case Study of Grace to Heal Trust in Lupane District
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background and Context
6.3 Civil Society and Women Empowerment
6.4 Women and Peacebuilding
6.5 Theoretical Framework
6.5.1 Peacebuilding
6.5.2 Grassroots Mobilisation Theory
6.6 Design and Methods
6.6.1 Design
6.6.2 Methods
6.6.3 Sampling
6.6.4 Observed Ethical Standards
6.6.5 Data
6.7 Results
6.7.1 Pre-workshop Observations
6.7.2 Post-workshop Evaluation: Responses from Women
6.7.3 Evaluation with Different Community Stakeholders
6.8 Discussion of the Findings
6.8.1 Pre-training Observations
6.8.2 Post-training Evaluation
6.9 Recommendations and Conclusions
Appendix 6.1: Schedule of Activities and Participants
References
7 Peacebuilding Through Indigenous Knowledge Systems: Lessons from Civil Society Organisations in Zimbabwe
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Unpacking Zimbabwe’s Broken Past
7.3 Civil Society Organisations and Peacebuilding in Zimbabwe
7.4 Indigenous Knowledge Systems as a Tool for Peacebuilding
7.4.1 Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Peacebuilding
7.4.2 Envision Zimbabwe Women Trust Experience in Peacebuilding
7.4.3 Peacebuilding Experiences of National Youth Organisation
7.5 Why Indigenous Knowledge Systems Work
7.6 Ways Forward
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Civil Society and Peacebuilding in the Kivu Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Civil Society and Peacebuilding
8.2.1 Conceptual Framework
8.2.2 Functions
8.3 Historical Background of Civil Society in DRC
8.4 Weaknesses of Civil Society in the Kivu Provinces in DRC Citizen Protection Strategies
8.4.1 Human Rights Monitoring Problems
8.4.2 Advocacy Challenges for Peace
8.4.3 Socialisation Hindrances
8.4.4 Social Cohesion Issues
8.4.5 Dialogue Facilitation Deficiency
8.4.6 Frustration in Service Delivery
8.5 Civil Society’ Role and Effectiveness in Peacebuilding
8.5.1 Protection of Citizens
8.5.2 Monitoring of Relevant Issues
8.5.3 Advocacy for Peace Promotion
8.5.4 Socialisation In-Group Identity
8.5.5 Intergroup Social Cohesion
8.5.6 Facilitation and Mediation
8.5.7 Service Delivery Domination
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Zimbabwe’s National Peace and Reconciliation Commission and Civil Society: Partners in Peacebuilding?
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conceptualising Civil Society and Peacebuilding
9.3 Historical Involvement of Civil Society in Peacebuilding in Zimbabwe
9.4 Civil Society Peacebuilding Roles in the Post-Mugabe Period
9.4.1 Protection and Monitoring
9.4.2 Facilitation, Socialisation and Community Building
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Civil Society and Peacebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Opportunities, Challenges and Recommendations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Overviewing the Concept of Civil Society
10.3 Civil Society in the Democratic Republic of Congo
10.3.1 Civil Society and Peacebuilding
10.3.2 Civil Society and Democracy
10.4 Design and Methods
10.5 Challenges, Opportunities and Recommendations
10.6 Discussion
10.7 Conclusion
Appendix 10.1: Challenges
Appendix 10.2: Civil Society’s Opportunities
Appendix 10.3: Suggested Ways to Overcome Identified Challenges
References
11 Promoting Democratisation in DR Congo: The Case Study of Act for Transparent and Peaceful Elections
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Theoretical Framework
11.2.1 Peacebuilding Theory
11.2.2 Political Transition
11.2.3 Democracy
11.3 Methods
11.4 Civil Society Areas of Action
11.4.1 Dynamics of Civil Society Development in DR Congo
11.4.2 Dynamic Development
11.4.3 Citizens’ Movements
11.4.4 National Framework for The Dialogue of the Civil Society of Congo
11.4.5 Apprehensions about the National Civil Society Consultation Framework
11.4.6 The Paradigm of Moral Authority
11.4.7 The National Order of Electoral Experts (NOEE)
11.5 AETA’s Action for Democratisation
11.5.1 Quadruple-Level Democratisation Monitoring Process
11.5.2 The Real Impact of AETA’s Actions
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Civil Society Organisations and School Peace Clubs in South Africa: An Outcome Evaluation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Research Methods
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Outcome 1: Peace Club Learners are Pace Agents and Role Models
12.3.2 Outcome 2: The Teachers Supporting the Peace Clubs are Peace Agents and Role Models
12.3.3 Outcome 3: Growth of Peace Identity in Schools and the Community
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 The Challenges and Opportunities for Civil Society in Peacebuilding: Lessons from the Matabeleland Collective, Zimbabwe
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Dawn of the Gukurahundi Era
13.2.1 Early Efforts Made by Civil Society to Address Gukurahundi
13.2.2 The Matabeleland Collective (MC)
13.2.3 The Successes of the Matabeleland Collective
13.2.4 Challenges Faced by the Collective
13.3 Drawing Peacebuilding Lessons from the Collective Intervention
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 The Role of Civil Society Participation in Social Cohesion Processes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Problem Statement
14.3 Background: Civil Society in South Africa
14.4 Social Cohesion
14.5 A Bottom-Up Approach to Building Social Cohesion in South Africa
14.6 Case Study 1: The African Centre for The Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD)
14.7 Case Study 2: The African Solidarity Network (ASONET)
14.8 Case Study 3: The Democracy Development Program (DDP)
14.9 Looking to The Future: The Changing Role of Civil Society in Social Cohesion Processes in South Africa
14.10 Recommendations
References
15 Building the Capacity of Civil Society Organisations in Nonviolent Campaigning: A Case Study from South Sudan
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methodology
15.2.1 The Plan, Action Training Contents, and Methods
15.2.2 Day One: What is Nonviolent Action and Why Use It?
15.2.3 Day Two: How Can We Plan and Implement Nonviolent Campaigns?
15.2.4 Day Three: What Next?
15.3 Results
15.3.1 Measuring Short-Term Outcomes
15.3.2 Short-Term Outcomes
15.4 Conclusion
References
16 How Informal Peace Committees Complement Macro-infrastructures for Peace in Zimbabwe
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Research Approach
16.3 Brief History of Macro-infrastructures for Peace in Zimbabwe
16.4 Brief History of IPCs in Zimbabwe
16.5 An Evaluative Discussion on the Comparative Advantages of IPCs over Macro-14P
16.5.1 The Case of Apartheid South Africa
16.5.2 The Case of Post-apartheid South Africa
16.5.3 The Case of South Sudan
16.6 Advantages of IPCs Over Macro-14P in Zimbabwe
16.6.1 Flexibility in the Creation of Peace Initiatives
16.6.2 The Gender Sensitivities in the Informal Peace Committee Framework
16.6.3 Inclusivity in the Peace Committee Framework
16.6.4 The Non-elitist Diversity and Non-formality of Peace Committees
16.6.5 The Transformative Role of Peace Committees
16.6.6 Major Challenges of IPCs
16.7 Conclusion
References
17 Protecting and Nurturing Children Born from Rape in South Kivu Communities: A Challenge for Civil Society
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Context
17.3 Research Design and Methods
17.3.1 Sampling
17.3.2 Data Collection
17.3.3 Ethical Considerations
17.3.4 Qualitative Data Analysis
17.4 Civil Society and Violence Protection
17.4.1 Civil society and Citizens’ Protection
17.4.2 Civil Society and Violence Prevention
17.5 Results
17.5.1 Narratives from Rape Survivors
17.5.2 Narratives from Children Born from Rape
17.6 The Challenge to Civil Society Organisations
17.7 Explaining the Failure of CSOs
17.8 Recommendations
17.9 Conclusion
References
Part III Macro-level Case Studies
18 Indigenous Peacebuilding Approaches and the Accountability of Former Child Soldiers: African Case Studies
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Methods
18.3 Peace and Peacebuilding
18.3.1 Peacebuilding and Interventionist Research
18.4 Child Soldiering and Peacebuilding
18.5 Challenges of Accountability
18.6 African Philosophy and Ethics
18.6.1 Ubuntu and Peacebuilding
18.6.2 The African Palaver and Peacebuilding
18.7 Indigenous Mechanisms of Conflict Resolution, Reconciliation and Healing
18.7.1 Bushingantahe, Burundi’s Indigenous Disputes Resolution Institution
18.7.2 Baraza: Democratic Republic of Congo’s Conflict Resolution Institution
18.7.3 Ka Pahla: Mozambican Healing Rituals
18.7.4 Gacaca, Rwandan Post-Genocide’s Justice Experiments
18.7.5 Fambul Tok, Sierra Leonean Healing and Reconciliation Mechanisms
18.7.6 Mato Oput, Ugandan Healing and Reconciliation Rituals
18.8 Conclusion
References
19 Navigating Channels for Civil Society Participation in Conflict Prevention and Peace-Making in the African Peace and Security Architecture
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Civil Society in Peacebuilding, Peace-making and Intergovernmental Organisations
19.2.1 Civil Society and Conflict Mitigation
19.2.2 Civil Society Inclusion in Peace-Making
19.2.3 Civil Society Participation in Intergovernmental Organisations
19.3 African Union
19.3.1 AU Policy Framework
19.3.2 AU Policy Framework for Local CSO’s Inclusion in Peace Processes
19.3.3 AU-CSO Interface: ECOSOCC
19.3.4 AU Peace and Security Council
19.3.5 AU Continental Early Warning System
19.3.6 AU Panel of the Wise
19.3.7 AU Mediation Support Unit
19.3.8 Inclusion of Local CSOs in AU Mediations
19.4 Economic Community of West African States
19.4.1 ECOWAS Policy Framework
19.4.2 ECOWAS’ Civil Society Interface and Major Access Points
19.4.3 ECOWAS Mediation and Security Council
19.4.4 ECOWAS Early Warning and Response Network
19.4.5 Council of the Wise
19.4.6 ECOWAS Mediation Facilitation Division
19.4.7 Inclusion of Local Civil Society Actors in ECOWAS Mediations
19.5 Southern African Development Community
19.5.1 SADC Policy Framework
19.5.2 SADC’s Civil Society Interface
19.5.3 SADC Summit and Organ Troika
19.5.4 Regional Early Warning Centre
19.5.5 SADC Panel of Elders and Mediation Reference Group
19.5.6 SADC Mediation Support Unit
19.5.7 Civil Society Inclusion in SADC Mediations
19.6 Comparative Insights
19.6.1 Policy Frameworks for Civil Society Participation
19.6.2 Participation in Organisational Structures
19.6.3 Inclusion in Mediations
19.7 Conclusion
References
20 Centre-Periphery Relations Between Civil Society Organisations and External Funding Partners: A Case Study of South Kivu’s Peace and Development Agenda
20.1 Introduction
20.2 CSOs, Peacebuilding and Sustainable Development in South Kivu
20.2.1 Historical and Geographical Background
20.2.2 Program Goals and Funding
20.2.3 Impact of Peace-Building Projects and Programmes
20.2.4 Funding Peacebuilding and Civil Society
20.2.5 Relationships Between International Donors and LNGOs
20.3 Conceptual Framework
20.3.1 Development and Peacebuilding
20.3.2 Center-Periphery Theory
20.4 Design and Methods
20.5 Findings
20.5.1 Goals, Beneficiaries, and Themes
20.5.2 Recipients, Areas, and Themes of Intervention
20.5.3 Organisational Collaboration
20.5.4 Monitoring and Evaluation of Peacebuilding Projects
20.5.5 Apprehension of Conflict and Peace
20.5.6 Ideological Orientations and Targets
20.5.7 Program Goals and Intervention Zones
20.6 Discussion
20.7 Conclusion
References
A Manifesto with Proposals for Action Towards a Peace Ecology and an Ecological Peace Policy: A Global Research Partnership Between Organisations in Sub-Saharan Africa and Countries in the Global North
Introduction
Background
Disadvantages for Researchers in the Global South: A Diagnosis
Difficulty in Attending Scientific Conferences Outside Sub-Saharan Africa
Economic Constraints
Visa Constraints
Lack of Resources and Human Capacities
Lack of Resources
Lack of Human Capacities
Opportunities
Existing Frameworks of Cooperation Between the European Union and African Union Countries in Sub-Sahara Africa
The European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU)
Initiatives of the Federal German Government with African Partner Countries
Other Bilateral Funding Opportunities by OECD Member Governments in Support of African Research Institutions
Research Partnerships by Peace Research Centres in the Global North
Initiatives by the Global Peace Research Community Towards a Peace Ecology
Proposals for International Research Cooperation on Peace Ecology Issues
Knowledge Sharing and Scientific Networking
Increased Scientific Cooperation of Universities and Research Centres
Student Exchange from the Global North with Universities in Sub-Saharan Africa
Internships with International Organisations in Sub-Saharan Africa
Stipends for Junior Scholars
Fellowships for Post Docs from and in Africa
Support for Cooperative Research Projects
An Open Access Partnership between the EU and the AU
Challenges
Lack of a Systematic Global Research Survey on Peace Research
Policy Challenges: Addressing the Challenges via a Peace Ecology Approach and Aiming at an Ecological Peace Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa
Conclusion
References
On Durban University of Technology
On International Centre of Nonviolence (ICON)
On University of Bandundu
On the Editors
On the Contributors
Index