Civil Engineering for Disaster Risk Reduction

Contents
About the Editors
1 Disaster Risk Reduction and Civil Engineering—An Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Terms and Definitions
1.3 Civil Engineering and DRR
1.3.1 Risks to Infrastructures
1.3.2 Civil Engineering Applications in DRR
1.4 Organization of the Book
1.4.1 Water Security and Flood Risk
1.4.2 Geohazards
1.4.3 Resilient Infrastructures
1.4.4 Disaster Risk and Resilience
1.5 Summary
References
Part I Water Security and Flood Risk
2 Satellite-Based Analysis of Groundwater Storage and Depletion Trends Implicating Climate Change in South Asia: Need for Groundwater Security
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methods
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Use of Multi-sensor Satellite Remote Sensing Data for Flood and Drought Monitoring and Mapping in India
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Flood Monitoring Using Remote Sensing
3.2.1 Applications of Optical Remote Sensing
3.2.2 Application of Microwave Remote Sensing
3.2.3 Application of a Combined Approach
3.3 Drought Monitoring and Assessment
3.4 Flood and Drought Risk Assessment
3.5 Case Studies
3.5.1 Case Studies for Flood Assessment
3.5.2 Case Studies for Drought Assessment
3.5.3 Advantages and Drawback of Research Methods and Comparative Assessment
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Data- and Physics-Based Modeling of Backward Erosion Piping
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physics-Based Model
4.2.1 Model Parameters and Solution Strategy
4.3 Data-Based Homogenization Scheme
4.3.1 Data and Training
4.3.2 First Layer—Classification Stage
4.3.3 Second Layer—Regression Stage
4.3.4 Data-Based Homogenization
4.4 Numerical Results
4.4.1 Physics-Based Model Validation
4.4.2 Data-Based Model Validation
4.5 Full-Scale Model and Computational Scenarios
4.6 Conclusions
References
5 Kerala Floods 2018: Causative Factors that Transformed Single Event to Multi-hazard Disaster
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chronology of Events During Kerala Floods 2018
5.3 Multi-hazard Impact Due to Spatial and Temporal Overlap
5.3.1 Single Event
5.3.2 Consequent Multi-hazard Events
5.3.3 Subsequent Multi-hazard Events
5.3.4 Simultaneous Multi-hazard Events
5.3.5 Water Management in Spatially Distributed Dams
5.3.6 Multi-hazard Interactions in Kerala Foods
5.4 Impact Intensification: Unseen Interlacing of Heterogeneous Parameters
5.4.1 Rain
5.4.2 Urbanization
5.4.3 Terrain
5.4.4 Landslide
5.4.5 Flood
5.5 Results
5.5.1 Multi-hazard Scenario
5.5.2 Chronology of Multi-hazard Events
5.6 Discussion—Reflections and Learning
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 River Flow Analysis—It Is So Easy, but It Isn’t?
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Case Study
6.3 Discussion
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Coastal Disasters and Mitigation Measures
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Coastal Vulnerability Assessment—Important Steps
7.3 Long-Term and Short-Term Coastal Vulnerabilities and Its Impacts
7.3.1 Long-Term Coastal Vulnerability
7.3.2 Short-Term Coastal Vulnerability
7.4 Mitigation Measures for Long-Term and Short-Term Coastal Vulnerabilities
7.4.1 Mitigation Measures Based on the Management Principle: Do Nothing/Defend/Adopt and Retrieve
7.4.2 Mitigation Strategy Based on “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle”
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Tsunami Flood Risk Management
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 The Development of Flood Risk Management
8.1.2 Zones of Increasing Vulnerability
8.2 Extension to Tsunami Events
8.2.1 Hong Kong Practice
8.2.2 Flood Frequency Analysis
8.2.3 Tsunami Magnitude Ranking
8.3 Numerical Model Analysis
8.3.1 Numerical Model Analysis Validation: The Pukaki Canal
8.3.2 Case Study: The 1947 Tatapouri Tsunami
8.4 Proposed Definition of Incoming Tsunami “Wave Height”
8.4.1 Solitary Wave Theory
8.4.2 Deriving the Wave Height H
8.4.3 Choice of Standard Depth
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Cloudburst—A Major Disaster in The Indian Himalayan States
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Study Area
9.3 Datasets and Methodology
9.3.1 Cloudbursts Occurrences
9.3.2 Dataset Collection
9.4 Methodology to Assess the Cloudbursts
9.5 Results and Discussion
9.5.1 Climatic Factors
9.5.2 Anthropogenic Activities
9.5.3 Orographic Influence
9.6 Conclusion
References
Part II Geohazards
10 Review on Landslide Early Warning System: A Brief History, Evolution, and Controlling Parameters
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Landslide-Rainfall Relationship
10.3 Landslide Monitoring and Instrumentation Techniques
10.4 Laboratory Parametric Studies
10.5 Principles of Developing a LEWS
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Forecasting Landslides for Disaster Risk Reduction: Process-Based Approaches and Real-Time Field Monitoring
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Details of Study Area
11.3 Rainfall Thresholds, Hydrological Model, and Field Monitoring Data
11.3.1 Rainfall Thresholds
11.3.2 SHETRAN Model
11.3.3 Probabilistic Approach Using Rainfall Thresholds and Antecedent Soil Moisture
11.3.4 Real-Time Field Monitoring
11.3.5 Algorithm-Based Approach Using Rainfall Thresholds and Field Monitoring Data
11.4 Validation
11.4.1 Probabilistic Approach Using Rainfall Thresholds and Antecedent Soil Moisture
11.4.2 Algorithm-Based Approach Using Rainfall Thresholds and Field Monitoring Data
11.5 Conclusions
References
12 Real-Time Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks and Remote Sensing Techniques for Landslide-Prone Areas in the Northern Region of Thailand
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Landslide Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Network and Visual IoT Camera System
12.2.1 WSN-Based Landslide Monitoring System
12.2.2 Image Fusion Method Used in Monitoring Landslide-Prone Areas with the Visual IoT Camera System
12.3 Landslide Detection Based on Multi-temporal Satellite Imagery Analysis
12.3.1 Change Detection in Multi-temporal Satellite Images Based on Structural Patch Decomposition and k-means Clustering
12.3.2 Landslide Dectection Based on Faster R-CNN Model
12.4 Rockfall Detection from LiDAR Point Clouds
12.4.1 Clutter-Removal Algorithm Based on Grid Density
12.4.2 Non-parametric, Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (Non-parametric DBSCAN)
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Perturbation of Earth Surface Process by Geophysical and Meteorological Process in the Nepal Himalaya
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Large-Scale Mass Movement
13.3 Spatiotemporal Variation of Landslide
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 Post-earthquake Reconnaissance: Theories Versus Observations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Ground Motion Characteristics
14.2.1 The 2009 Padang Earthquake
14.2.2 The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
14.2.3 The 2016 Muisne Earthquake
14.3 Deficiencies in Reinforcement Detailing
14.3.1 The 2009 Padang Earthquake
14.3.2 The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
14.3.3 The 2016 Muisne Earthquake
14.4 Soil Liquefaction
14.4.1 The 2009 Padang Earthquake
14.4.2 The 2011 Tohoku and 2016 Muisne Earthquakes
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Estimation of Local Site Effects in Indian Scenario: Lessons from Past Earthquakes, Current Practices, and Future Trends
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Computational Methods to Estimate Local Site Effects
15.2.1 Topographic Site Amplification
15.2.2 Site Response Simulation
15.3 Experimental Methods
15.3.1 Macroseismic Observations
15.3.2 Strong/Weak Motion Recordings
15.3.3 Microtremor Survey
15.4 Recommendation and Scope for Future Work
References
Part III Resilient Infrastructures
16 Disaster Resilient Properties: Built Environment Discourse
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Literature Review
16.2.1 The Concept of Disaster Resilience
16.2.2 Role of the Built Environment
16.2.3 Disaster Resilient Properties
16.3 Methodology
16.4 Discussion
16.4.1 Resilient Properties
16.4.2 Role of the Built Environment in Embedding Disaster Resilient Properties
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Multiple Benefits of Blue-Green Infrastructure and the Reduction of Environmental Risks: Case Study of Ecosystem Services Provided by a SUDS Pond
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Site Description
17.2 Hydrology
17.2.1 Simulation of Extreme Events
17.3 Water Chemistry
17.4 Hydrobiological Patterns and Biological Water Quality
17.5 Discussion
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Static and Seismic Assessment of Soil Arching in Piled Embankments
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Finite Element Analysis
18.2.1 General Description
18.2.2 Boundary Condition, Meshing, Interaction and Seismic Input
18.2.3 Soil Constitutive Model and Material Damping
18.2.4 Loading on the Embankment Top
18.2.5 Modeling Procedure
18.3 Results and Discussions
18.3.1 Vertical Stress Distribution in the Embankment Fill
18.3.2 Settlement in Embankment Fill
18.3.3 Effect of Key Parameters of Piled Embankment on Soil Arching Ratio
18.3.4 Effect of the Earthquake on Soil Arching
18.3.5 Review of Available Design Approaches
18.4 Practical Implications
18.5 Summary
References
19 Vulnerability of Interspersed Railway Tracks Exposed to Flood and Washaway Conditions
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methodology and Data
19.2.1 Track Modelling
19.2.2 Engineering Properties
19.2.3 Risk Exposures to Flood and Washaway Conditions
19.3 Results and Discussions
19.4 Conclusion
References
20 Modeling to Support Acceleration of Restoration of a Residential Building System in Southeastern B.C. Due to Riverine Flooding
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methodology
20.2.1 Building Damage Scenarios and Restoration Schemes
20.2.2 Restoration Time Calculation
20.2.3 Restoration Dependencies
20.2.4 Restoration Prioritizing
20.3 Case Study Results and Discussion
20.3.1 Case Study Area and Building Selection
20.3.2 Optimized Recovery Pathway
20.3.3 Complete Building Recovery
20.3.4 Building Function and Component Recovery
20.3.5 Future Work
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 Vibration Isolation of Foundation Systems Using Geosynthetics Barriers
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Material Characterization
21.3 Particulars of Field Vibration Test
21.4 Results and Discussion
21.5 Conclusions
References
22 Response Reductions in Base-Isolated Liquid Storage Tank Under Far and Near Field Seismic Excitations
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Theory
22.3 Numerical Study
22.4 Results and Discussions
22.4.1 Shear Force
22.4.2 Overturning Moment
22.4.3 Hydrodynamic Pressure
22.4.4 Sloshing Height
22.5 Conclusions
References
23 Estimating Service-Life Deterioration of RC Bridges Due to Multi-hazards in Barak Valley Region, Assam, India
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Condition Assessment Method and Condition Rating Technique
23.3 Combined Survivability of Maturity and Earthquake Impact
23.4 Results and Conclusions
References
24 Seismic Strengthening Solutions for Existing Buildings
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Framework for Structural Vulnerability Assessment and Seismic Strengthening of Existing RMG Buildings
24.3 Seismic Strengthening of RCF Buildings in Bangladesh
24.4 Seismic Strengthening of URM Buildings in Iran
24.5 Advanced Methods of Seismic Strengthening
24.6 Conclusions
References
25 On Structural Rehabilitation and Retrofitting for Risk Reduction
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Design, Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting of Structures for Reduce Risk/Disaster
25.3 Discussions and Conclusions
References
Part IV Disaster Risk and Resilience
26 Integrated Cost and Risk Management Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Classification of Supply Chain Risks
26.3 Examination of Existing Strategies to Enhance Resilience
26.4 Integrated Cost and Risk Management Approach
26.4.1 Effective Way of Cost Analysis for Supply Chain Resilience Strategies
26.4.2 Strategic Cost Management—Useful Techniques
26.5 Conclusion
References
27 Modelling Climate Change and Glacier Melt for Sustainable Development of a Himalayan Region
27.1 Introduction
27.1.1 Climate Change, Glacier Melt, and Sustainable Development Planning
27.1.2 State of the Art (Informetric Analysis)
27.2 Approach (System Dynamics)
27.2.1 Methodology
27.2.2 Population and Sampling Method/Design
27.2.3 Survey Tools
27.2.4 Analytical Tools and Techniques
27.3 Application of System Dynamics Model
27.3.1 Models (Stock-Flow)
27.3.2 Model Result
27.3.3 Model Validation
27.3.4 Forecasting
27.3.5 Recommended Policy and Discussion
27.4 Conclusion
References
28 Lessons from a Century-Tradition on Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) in Mountains: The Case of the Torrential System Los Arañones (Canfranc, Pyrenees)
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Los Arañones: A Century History of Eco-DRR in the Spanish Pyrenees
28.3 Natural Hazards and Infrastructures in Los Arañones
28.4 Current and Future Performance of Los Arañones
28.5 Conclusions
References
29 Filling in the Gaps of the Tsunamigenic Sources in 2018 Palu Bay Tsunami
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Methodology
29.2.1 Analysis of the Existing Landslide Data
29.2.2 Landslide-Generated Tsunami Wave Propagation
29.2.3 Adjustments in Wave Characteristics
29.3 Results
29.4 Conclusions and Future Work
References
30 Demystifying Impacts of Cyclone Amphan 2019 Amid COVID-19 Pandemic in West Bengal, India
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Objectives
30.3 The Super-Cyclone Amphan
30.3.1 Pre-landfall Preparation and Evacuation by the Administration
30.3.2 Amphan Impact
30.3.3 Damage to Houses and Infrastructure
30.4 COVID-19 in West Bengal
30.5 Governance and Legal Frameworks for Amphan and COVID-19 Management
30.5.1 Disaster Management Act of 2005
30.5.2 The Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897
30.5.3 National Disaster Management Guideline for Management of Biological Disaster 2008
30.5.4 National Disaster Management Plan 2019
30.6 Response Measures for Amphan
30.6.1 Measures and Guidelines to Combat COVID-19 Outbreak
30.6.2 Relation of Amphan and COVID-19
30.6.3 Response Measures Amid COVID-19 Situation
30.7 Discussion
30.8 Conclusion
References
31 Resilient Urbanism from the Perspective of Climate Change in Spain—The Case of Floods
31.1 Concepts and Characteristics of Resilient Urbanism
31.2 Climate Change and the Main Manifestations in Spain
31.3 The Case of the Floods in Spain and the Principal Mechanisms Applied to Be Resilient
31.4 Case Studies
31.5 Conclusions
References