Despite the fact that the majority of emigration today originates in the global south, most research has focused on the receiving states of Europe and North America, while very little attention has been paid to the policies of the sending states toward emigration or toward their nationals abroad. Taking the country cases of Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon and Jordan, this work explores the relationship between the government of the sending states, the outmovement of their citizens and the communities of expatriates that have developed. By focusing on the evolution of government institutions charged with various aspects of expatriate affairs, this work breaks new ground in understanding the changing nature of the relationship between expatriates and their home state. Far from suggesting that the state is waning in importance, the conclusions indicate that this relationship provides evidence both of state resilience and of new trends in the practice of sovereignty.
Author(s): Laurie A. Brand
Series: Cambridge Middle East Studies
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 264
Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Tables......Page 12
Preface......Page 13
Acronyms......Page 16
1 States and their citizens abroad......Page 19
The literature on Emigration......Page 21
Emigration policy......Page 23
The literature from transnationalism......Page 27
Explaining state institutional responses......Page 31
Macro-historical explanations......Page 32
International politics explanations......Page 34
Domestic political explanations......Page 35
Security/stability explanations......Page 36
Methodology......Page 37
2 State sovereignty, state resilience......Page 42
The question of sovereignty and nationals abroad......Page 45
Maintaining sovereignty......Page 51
Dual citizenship, dual nationality......Page 55
Sovereignty and the cases to come......Page 60
3 Morocco: expatriates as subjects or citizens?......Page 63
The European context for immigration......Page 64
Other countries of Western Europe......Page 68
The role of Islam......Page 74
Moroccan state emigration policy......Page 77
Summary......Page 86
The evolution of government institutions dealing with Moroccan expatriates......Page 87
The amicales......Page 89
A ministry for MREs......Page 92
La Fondation Hassan II (FHII)......Page 98
Conclusions......Page 106
4 Tunisia’s expatriates: an integral part of the national community?......Page 110
Emigration policy as read through development plans......Page 111
Emigration policy as read through the law......Page 122
The role of remittances......Page 125
Summary......Page 127
State institutions during the Bourguiba era: independence–1987......Page 128
The changement......Page 131
Government institutions: L’Office des Tunisiens à l’Etranger (OTE)......Page 134
Summer activities......Page 140
The RCD abroad......Page 141
Arabic language instruction......Page 142
Expatriate-directed information and media......Page 145
Conclusions......Page 146
5 Lebanon and its expatriates: a bird with two wings......Page 151
Official concern with emigration......Page 153
The Lebanese political system and the role of emigrants......Page 156
Interest in the emigrants......Page 158
A state policy toward emigration?......Page 161
The WLCU......Page 165
Evaluating the WLCU......Page 177
The Ministry of Expatriates (ME)......Page 178
Conflict with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs......Page 183
The ministership of Salim al-Huss and the reintegration of the ME into the MFA......Page 187
Conclusions......Page 189
6 Jordan: unwilling citizens, problematic expatriates......Page 194
The beginnings of emigration......Page 196
Labor and migration policy......Page 203
Backdrop to the émigré conferences......Page 211
The expatriate conferences......Page 212
Political challenges......Page 215
The third expatriate conference, 1987......Page 220
The fourth conference, 1988......Page 223
The fifth conference, 1989......Page 224
The 1990s......Page 226
Expatriate businessmen’s conferences......Page 228
Conclusions......Page 230
Conclusions: transnationalism, security and sovereignty......Page 234
Sources in English, French and Spanish......Page 242
Materials in Arabic......Page 251
Newspapers and periodicals......Page 252
Unpublished sources......Page 253
Interviews......Page 254
Index......Page 256
