Cities of the World: Regional Patterns and Urban Environments

Halftitle......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Illustrations......Page 13
Preface......Page 26
1 World Urban Development......Page 30
The World Urban System: Prospects until 2050......Page 34
Early Urbanization: Antiquity to Fifth Century ce......Page 38
The Middle Period: Fifth to Seventeenth Century ce......Page 40
City Functions......Page 43
Sectors of the Urban Economy......Page 44
Basic and Nonbasic Economic Activities......Page 45
Theories on the Spatial Structure of Cities......Page 47
The Concentric Zone Model......Page 48
The Sector Model......Page 49
The Multiple Nuclei Model......Page 50
The Inverse Concentric Zone Model......Page 51
Managing the Environment......Page 52
Managing Population Size and Growth......Page 54
Managing Urban Services......Page 56
Managing Society......Page 57
Managing Unemployment......Page 58
Managing Racial and Ethnic Issues......Page 59
Managing Modernization and Globalization......Page 60
Managing Urban Governance......Page 62
City......Page 63
Galactic Metropolis......Page 64
Metacity......Page 65
Preindustrial City......Page 66
Site and Situation......Page 67
Socialist and Post-socialist City......Page 68
Sustainable City......Page 69
Urban Area......Page 70
World City......Page 71
Suggested Readings......Page 72
2 Cities of the United States and Canada......Page 74
Colonial Mercantilism: 1700–1840......Page 77
Industrial Capitalism: 1840–1970......Page 79
Postindustrial Capitalism: 1975–present......Page 81
Models of Urban Structure......Page 84
New York City: A Global Metropolis......Page 86
Los Angeles: Outward Glitz, Inner Turmoil......Page 90
Detroit and Cleveland: Shrinking Cities......Page 92
Montreal: Moving Uphill from Upheaval......Page 93
Ottawa: A Capital of Compromise......Page 94
Washington, DC: A New Immigrant Gateway......Page 96
New Orleans: Vulnerable City......Page 97
Globalization and the Urban Hierarchy......Page 99
Globalization and Localization......Page 100
Immigration and Increasing Diversity......Page 103
Women in the City......Page 105
Urban LGBTQ Communities......Page 106
Security and Urban Fortification......Page 108
Rebuilding and Memorialization......Page 110
Water......Page 112
Air Pollution......Page 114
Conclusions......Page 116
Suggested Readings......Page 118
3 Cities of Middle America and the Caribbean......Page 121
Mexico......Page 123
Central America......Page 128
Caribbean......Page 135
Models of Urban Structure......Page 138
Distinctive Cities......Page 139
Mexico City: Ancient Aztec Capital, Contemporary Megacity......Page 140
San José: Cultural Capital and Ecotourism Gateway......Page 143
Havana: The Once and Future Hub of the Caribbean?......Page 144
Panama City: Child of Globalization......Page 148
San Juan: American City Under Stress......Page 149
Shifting Patterns of City Growth......Page 151
Natural Disasters and Vulnerable Cities......Page 152
Managing Flows: Tourism and Drug Trafficking......Page 154
Gated Communities......Page 155
Economic Strengths and Vulnerability......Page 156
Suggested Readings......Page 157
4 Cities of South America......Page 160
Urban Patterns in South America......Page 162
Contemporary Urban Trends......Page 164
Urban Primacy and Uneven Regional Development......Page 165
Economic Polarization and Spatial Segregation......Page 166
Economic Restructuring, Structural Adjustment, and Social Movements......Page 167
Declining Infrastructures and Environmental Degradation......Page 168
Colonial Cities: Spanish versus Portuguese America......Page 170
Neocolonial Urbanization: Political Independence, Economic Dependence......Page 172
Twentieth Century: The Urbanizing Century......Page 173
Distinctive Cities......Page 176
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: Anchors of South America’s Megalopolis......Page 177
Rio de Janeiro: The “Marvelous City”......Page 178
São Paulo: The Making of a Megacity......Page 182
Brasília: Continental Geopolitics and Planned Cities......Page 186
Lima: Tempering Hyperurbanization on South America’s Pacific Rim......Page 189
Buenos Aires: Global City of the Southern Cone......Page 196
Curitiba and Bogotá: Planning For Sustainable Urban Development......Page 198
Defensive Urbanism and Self-Help Housing......Page 202
Spatial Segregation, Land Use, and Environmental Injustices......Page 204
An Eye toward the Future......Page 205
Suggested Readings......Page 206
5 Cities of Europe......Page 208
Classical Period: 800 bce to 450 ce......Page 210
Medieval Period: 450–1300 ce......Page 211
Renaissance and Baroque Periods: 1300–1760 ce......Page 212
Industrial Period: 1760–1945 ce......Page 213
Urban Patterns across Europe......Page 214
Western Europe......Page 215
Socialist Urbanization......Page 217
Core-Periphery Model......Page 218
The Challenge of Integrating Immigrants......Page 221
European and Global Linkages......Page 222
Urban Policy and Planning......Page 224
Major Landmarks......Page 227
Complex Street Pattern......Page 228
Bustling City Centers......Page 229
Neighborhood Stability and Change......Page 230
Housing......Page 231
Models of the European City......Page 233
Northwestern European City Structure......Page 234
Mediterranean City Structure......Page 235
Central and Eastern European City Structure......Page 236
London: Europe’s Global City......Page 237
Paris: France’s Primate City Par Excellence......Page 241
Barcelona: Capital of Catalonia......Page 243
Berlin: The Past Always Present in Germany’s Capital......Page 246
Bucharest: A New Paris of the East?......Page 248
Urban Challenges......Page 250
Suggested Readings......Page 253
6 Cities of Russia......Page 255
The Pre-Soviet Period: Birth of the Urban System......Page 261
The Soviet Period: New Urban Patterns......Page 264
Urban and Regional Planning in the Soviet Period......Page 266
The Urban Environment in the Soviet Period......Page 267
Late Soviet Period: The Beginning of Change......Page 269
Contemporary Russia: Reconfiguring the Urban System......Page 270
Political Urban Transformation......Page 274
Changing Urban Structure and Function......Page 275
Sociocultural Urban Transformation......Page 276
Twenty-first-Century Environmental Concerns......Page 279
Moscow: Russia’s Past Meets Russia’s Future......Page 282
St. Petersburg: Window on the West—Again?......Page 283
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: The International Power of Oil......Page 285
Norilsk: The Legacy of Heavy Industry......Page 286
Kazan: Volga Port in Tatarstan......Page 288
Vladivostok: Russia’s Pacific Capital?......Page 289
Prospects for the Future......Page 291
Suggested Readings......Page 293
7 Cities of the Greater Middle East......Page 295
Foundations of the Urban System......Page 299
Contemporary Urban Patterns......Page 302
Models of Urban Structure......Page 306
Urban Transects......Page 309
Arab Cities on the Gulf......Page 310
Form and Function on the Urban Landscape......Page 311
From Arab Spring to Arab Winter......Page 315
Cairo: The Victorious......Page 317
Jerusalem: City of Three Faiths......Page 320
Dubai: Gulf Showplace......Page 322
Mecca: City of the Hajj......Page 325
Istanbul: Transcontinental Hinge......Page 327
Water......Page 330
Environmental Degradation......Page 331
Housing......Page 332
Conclusion......Page 333
Suggested Readings......Page 336
8 Cities of Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 338
African Urbanization......Page 340
Historical Geography of Urban Development......Page 343
Ancient and Medieval Precolonial Urban Centers......Page 345
Urban Development after 1500......Page 346
African Urbanization in the Era of Formal Colonial Rule......Page 347
Postcolonial Urbanization......Page 349
Current Urbanization Trends......Page 351
Kinshasa: The Invisible City......Page 355
Accra: African Neoliberal City?......Page 357
Lagos: Largest Megacity of SSA......Page 360
Nairobi: Urban Legacies of Colonialism......Page 362
Dakar: Senegal’s City of Contradictions......Page 366
Johannesburg: A Multicentered City of Gold......Page 369
Urban Environmental Issues......Page 372
Primate Cities......Page 374
Rural-to-Urban Migration......Page 376
A Hopeful Vignette......Page 378
Suggested Readings......Page 380
9 Cities of South Asia......Page 382
Urban Patterns at the Regional Scale......Page 386
Indus Valley Era......Page 390
Aryan Hindu Impact......Page 391
Muslim Impact......Page 392
Colonial Period......Page 394
The Presidency Towns......Page 395
The Colonial-Based City Model......Page 396
The Bazaar-Based City Model......Page 398
Planned Cities......Page 400
Mumbai: India’s Cultural and Economic Capital......Page 401
Bengalūru and Hyderabad: India’s Economic Frontier......Page 403
Delhi: Who Controls Delhi Controls India......Page 404
Kolkata: Premier Presidency Town......Page 406
Dhaka: Capital, Port, and Primate City......Page 409
Kathmandu, Colombo, and Kabul: Cities on the Edge......Page 411
Globalization, City Marketing, and Urban Violence......Page 413
Urban Challenges......Page 418
Suggested Readings......Page 420
10 Cities of Southeast Asia......Page 422
Urban Patterns at the Regional Scale......Page 424
Precolonial Patterns of Urbanization......Page 427
Urbanization in Colonial Southeast Asia......Page 430
Recent Urbanization Trends......Page 435
Globalization, Urbanization, and the Middle Class......Page 438
Models of Urban Structure......Page 440
Singapore: World City of Southeast Asia......Page 443
Kuala Lumpur: Twin Towers and Cyberspace......Page 446
Jakarta: Megacity of Indonesia......Page 448
Manila: Primate City of the Philippines......Page 449
Bangkok: The Los Angeles of the Tropics......Page 452
Phnom Penh, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi: Socialist Cities in Transition......Page 453
Urban Challenges......Page 457
An Eye to the Future......Page 460
Suggested Readings......Page 461
11 Cities of East Asia......Page 464
The Traditional or Preindustrial City......Page 465
The Chinese City as Model: Japan and Korea......Page 466
First Footholds: The Portuguese and the Dutch......Page 467
The Treaty Ports of China......Page 468
The Japanese Impact......Page 469
Japan: The Asian Exception......Page 470
Distinctive Cities......Page 472
Tokyo and the Tokaido Megalopolis: Unipolar Concentration......Page 473
Beijing: The New “Forbidden City”?......Page 477
Shanghai: “New York” of China?......Page 482
Hong Kong: Business Not as Usual......Page 486
Taipei: In Search of an Identity?......Page 489
Seoul: The “Phoenix” of Primate Cities......Page 492
Urban Problems and their Solutions......Page 493
The Chinese Way......Page 494
Other Paths in East Asia......Page 497
Closing the Gap: Decentralization in Japan......Page 498
Seoul: The Problems of Primacy......Page 499
Taipei: Toward Balanced Regional Development......Page 500
The Greening of East Asian Cities......Page 501
Prospects for the Future......Page 504
Suggested Readings......Page 505
12 Cities of Australia and the Pacific Islands......Page 507
Historical Foundations of Urbanism......Page 510
The Pacific Islands......Page 514
Australia......Page 516
Aotearoa/New Zealand......Page 520
Sydney: Australia’s World City......Page 523
Perth: Isolated Millionaire......Page 528
Gold Coast: Tourism Urbanization......Page 529
Auckland: Economic Hub of Aotearoa/New Zealand......Page 531
Port Moresby and Suva: Island Capitals......Page 533
Trends and Challenges......Page 534
Suggested Readings......Page 536
13 Cities of the Future......Page 538
Urban Growth in the Global South......Page 539
Causes of Urban Growth in the Global South......Page 542
Challenges Posed by Urban Growth in the Global South......Page 543
Urban Change in the Global North......Page 544
Urban Sustainability at Center Stage......Page 546
Pollution Problems and Urban Futures......Page 547
Climate Change and Urban Futures......Page 548
Infrastructure to Mitigate Climate Change......Page 551
Deindustrialization and Urban Futures......Page 552
The Geography of Connectivity and Talent......Page 553
Cities as Virtual Crossroads......Page 556
Cities as Nodes of Globalization......Page 558
Cities Beyond the Networked Core......Page 559
Governance, GIS Use, and Security Provision......Page 560
Geographic Information Systems......Page 561
Surveillance of Public Space......Page 563
Conclusions......Page 564
Urban Living at Its Best......Page 566
Suggested Readings......Page 568
Appendix......Page 570
Cover Photo Credits......Page 572
Geographical Index......Page 574
Index to Subjects......Page 580
About the Editors and Contributors......Page 584