Cisgenic Crops: Safety, Legal and Social Issues

Preface for the Volumes on Cisgenic Crops
Contents
Contributors
1 Cisgenic Crops: Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Environment
1.1 Cisgenic Crops and Biodiversity
1.1.1 Possible Positive Impacts of Cisgenic Crop Plants on Biodiversity
1.1.2 Possible Negative Impacts of Cisgenic Crop Plants on Biodiversity
1.1.3 Possible Impacts of Cisgenic Crop Plants on Biodiversity that Are Similar to the Impacts of Traditionally Bred Crop Plants, or Common Impacts of GMC that Could not Occur Through Cisgenesis
1.2 Cisgenic Crops, Ecosystems, and Environment
1.2.1 Possible Positive Impacts of Cisgenic Crop Plants on the Environment
1.2.2 Possible Negative Impacts of Cisgenic Crop Plants on the Environment
1.3 Regulatory Challenges for Cisgenic Crop Plants
1.3.1 The Colombian Case
References
2 Cisgenesis: A Promising Alternative Crop Improvement Technology for Biodiversity, Environment and Ecosystem Risks Associated with Transgenics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cisgenesis: A New Crop Improvement Technology
2.3 The Impact of Transgenics on Biodiversity, the Environment and the Ecosystem
2.4 Are Cisgenics Advantageous over Transgenics?
2.5 Lists of Cisgenic Crops Developed so far
2.6 Cisgenics Versus Transgenics: The Southern African Development Community (SADC) Experience
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Social Acceptability of Cisgenic Plants: Public Perception, Consumer Preferences, and Legal Regulation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Public Perception of Cisgenic Plants
3.3 Consumer Acceptability of Cisgenic Plants
3.4 Legal Regulation
3.5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
4 Elucidation and Acceptance—Scientific, Legal, and Ethical Aspects of Cisgenesis in Times of an Alleged Dwindling Faith in Science
References
5 Consumer Evaluation of Novel Plant-Breeding Technologies: A Decision-Focused Research Agenda
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Critical Review of the Literature on Technology Acceptance
5.2.1 The Origins and Evolution of Acceptance Research
5.2.2 Exploring Variations in Individual Information Responsiveness
5.3 Acceptance, Rejection, and the Deeper Context of Technology Evaluations
5.4 Outlining a Decision-Focused Research Agenda for the Evaluation of NPBTs
5.4.1 Heuristics, Values, and the Deeper Context of Valuation
5.4.2 Disentangling the Deeper Context of Decision-Making
5.4.3 Methods and Insights from Decision Neuroscience
5.5 Conclusions
References
6 Economic Considerations of Cisgenics as a Sub-Set of Genetically Modified Organisms
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Analysis of Public Attitudes Towards Cisgenics
6.3 Potential Economic Impacts of Growing GMO Crops
6.4 The Legislation on Genetically Modified Organisms European Versus the US Approach
6.4.1 European Legislation on GMOs
6.4.2 The Legislative Framework of GMOs in the USA
6.5 Conclusions and Discussion
References
7 Cisgenesis: An European Union (EU) Perspective
7.1 Molecular Characteristics of Cisgenic Plants Relevant for Safety, Legal and Social Issues
7.2 The Deliberate Release into the Environment of Cisgenic Plants Within the EU Regulation
7.3 Position and Opinions of Italy on Cisgenic Plants
7.4 Cisgenesis Application Under Regulatory Scrutiny in EU
7.5 Ongoing Research on Cisgenic Applications of Interest for EU
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Social Concerns and Regulation of Cisgenic Crops in North America
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Developer Concerns
8.2.1 Consumer Perceptions
8.2.2 Political Economy
8.3 U.S. Oversight
8.4 Canadian Oversight
8.5 Societal Concerns Related to Oversight
8.6 New Oversight Models
References
9 Cisgenics and Genome Editing or Second Generation Biotechnologies: A Latin America and Caribbean Perspective
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The LAC Agricultural and Biotechnology Landscapes
9.2.1 The Agricultural Context in the LAC Region
9.2.2 The Biotechnology Landscape: First and Second Generation Biotechnologies
9.2.3 Second Generation Biotechnologies: Cisgenesis and NPBTs to Address Crop Losses to Pathogens
9.2.4 Plant Epidemic and Pandemics: The Case of the Potato Late Blight Disease
9.3 Definitions of Terms and Concepts Relevant to Regulatory Science and the Need for Harmonization of Policies in the Region
9.4 History and Developments in Regulatory Science (for GM Crops)
9.4.1 The Development of the Cartagena Protocol and Adoption of Early Biosafety Systems
9.4.2 Regulatory Science and Risk Analysis
9.5 The Governance of Agricultural Biotechnology in the LAC Region
9.5.1 Signatory Countries to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and Competent Authorities
9.5.2 The Role of Risk Perception
9.5.3 The Case for Cisgenics and Genome Editing Governance in the LAC Region
9.6 Social License and Freedom to Operate and Choose
9.6.1 Farmers, Social Movements and Urban Consumer Rights: A Clash of Cultures, Priorities and Values?
9.6.2 Orchestrated NGO Lawsuits Against Governments
9.6.3 Changing Political Economy Climates
9.6.4 Unintended Consequences: Cost of Regulatory Compliance and Emergence of Illegal Markets
9.6.5 Trends and Drivers that Shape Markets and Policy
9.7 Discussion
9.8 Conclusions: Involving Our Youth as the Way Forward
References
10 Cisgenic Crops in Ecuador: Research and Perspectives
10.1 Genetic Engineering Research and Cisgenic Potential
10.2 The Legal Framework to Develop or Adopt Cisgenic Crops in Ecuador
10.3 Perspective of Cisgenic Rice Development
10.4 Perspective of Banana and Plantain Cisgenic Development
10.5 Perspective of Cisgenic Potato Development
10.6 Perspective of Cisgenic Apple Development
10.7 Conclusions
References
11 CISGENESIS AND CISGENIC CROPS: Need for a Paradigm Shift in Harnessing and Governance
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cisgenesis as ‘Golden Mean’ and Beyond
11.3 Cisgenesis, Bio-Objectification, Bio-Identification and Entanglements
11.4 Global Research Consortium on Cisgensesis and Cisgenic Crops
11.5 Conclusions
References
12 Is It Only the Regulatory Status? Broadening the Debate on Cisgenic Plants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 A Technical Fix to Consumer Concerns
12.3 The Importance to Recognize Alternatives
12.4 The Quest for Durable Late Blight Resistance
12.5 Patent Rights and Ownership
12.6 Conclusions
Notes
References