Cisco's IOS (Internetwork Operating System) is the operating system that Cisco has been developing for many years for use in their routers and switches. IOS is a package of routing, switching, internetworking and telecommunications functions tightly integrated with a multitasking operating system. Originally IOS used an integrated kernel, but more recently the new version of Cisco IOS called IOS XR has been released that uses a 3rd party real-time operating system microkernel (QNX). This new kernel offers modularity and memory protection between processes, lightweight threads, pre-emptive scheduling and the ability to independently re-start failed processes.
This book, on the 'Fundamentals' of the operating system is very complete. The first few chapters talk about the basics of the operating system itself including its architecture, infrastructure, installation and the like. The remaining chapters talk more about using the OS. This includes things like security, configuration control, routing and switching.
The book is intended for the individual actively managing a Cisco network and provides a basic understanding and details of its use.
Author(s): Mobeen Tahir, Mark Ghattas, Dawit Birhanu, Syed Natif Nawaz
Series: Cisco Press fundamentals series
Edition: 1
Publisher: Cisco Press
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 504
City: Indianapolis, IN
Contents......Page 10
Foreword......Page 20
Introduction......Page 21
Evolution of Networking......Page 24
Requirements for Carrier-Grade NOS......Page 25
Failure Recovery and Microkernel-Based NOS......Page 26
Operating System Concepts......Page 27
Process Scheduling......Page 28
Memory Management......Page 29
High-Level Overview of Cisco IOS XR......Page 30
Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System......Page 34
Cisco ASR 9000 Series......Page 35
Threads......Page 38
Scheduling Algorithms......Page 42
Synchronization Services......Page 44
Cisco IOS XR System Manager......Page 47
Process Attributes......Page 48
System Manager and Process Lifecycle......Page 49
CLI for Sysmgr and Processes......Page 50
Synchronous Versus Asynchronous......Page 52
Intra-node Versus Inter-node......Page 53
Connection-Oriented Versus Rendezvous......Page 54
Atomic Descriptor Ring......Page 55
Distributed Services......Page 56
GSP......Page 57
Bulk Content Downloader......Page 61
Process Placement......Page 63
Cisco IOS XR System Database......Page 67
High Availability Architecture......Page 71
Forwarding Path......Page 75
Introduction to Cisco IOS XR Packages......Page 80
Image Naming Conventions......Page 81
Cisco IOS XR Bootable Files, PIEs, and SMUs......Page 82
Composite Bootable Files......Page 84
Optional PIEs......Page 86
Install System Overview......Page 88
Preparing to Install Cisco IOS XR......Page 92
Setting the TURBOBOOT ROMMON Variable......Page 93
Booting the .vm File from ROMMON......Page 94
Verifying the Software Installation......Page 97
Installing Packages......Page 99
TURBOBOOT Considerations for the c12000 Platform......Page 102
Upgrading to a Major Cisco IOS XR Version Using mini.pie......Page 103
Install Rollback......Page 106
Removing Inactive Packages......Page 108
Performing an Install Audit......Page 109
Disk Backup and Recovery......Page 110
Creating a Backup Disk with Golden Disk......Page 111
Disk Mirroring......Page 112
Creating a Disk Partition......Page 113
Turning On Disk Mirroring......Page 114
Anticipating Disk Space Usage......Page 116
Clearing Configuration Inconsistency......Page 117
Data Plane Configuration Management......Page 120
Shared Plane......Page 121
Configuration Manager......Page 122
Configuration File System......Page 124
Role of SysDB in Configuration Management......Page 128
Replicated Data Service File System......Page 130
Understanding the Two-Stage Commit Model......Page 131
Building the Target Configuration......Page 132
Commit Operation......Page 133
Commit Failures......Page 136
Configuration Failures During Startup......Page 137
Deleting Physical Interface......Page 138
Configuration Navigation......Page 139
Troubleshooting Configuration Inconsistencies......Page 140
Configuration Session Lock......Page 141
Option 1: Unlock the Configuration Session......Page 142
Option 4: Use the end or exit Commands......Page 143
Configuration Management During Online Insertion and Removal Events......Page 144
Case 3: Replace the Node with a Higher Density Node......Page 145
Case 4: Replace the Node with a Lower Density Node......Page 146
Configuration Management During Package Activation and Deactivation......Page 147
Interface Preconfiguration......Page 148
Configuration Template......Page 149
Configuration Management During Router Startup......Page 150
Configuration Rollback......Page 151
Using SNMP......Page 156
Configuring SNMP......Page 158
SNMP in the Context of a VRF......Page 159
Logging Destination......Page 160
Local Archiving of Logging Messages......Page 161
Embedded Event Manager......Page 162
None Event Detector......Page 163
Registering and Using Onboard EEM Policies......Page 164
User-Defined EEM Policy......Page 165
EEM Reliability Metrics......Page 167
Monitoring Processes......Page 168
WDSYSMON......Page 170
Monitoring Memory......Page 171
Using the show system verify Command......Page 172
Operations and Monitoring Best Practices......Page 175
Secure Operating System......Page 180
Securing Access to the Router......Page 181
Admin Plane......Page 182
User Groups and Task Groups......Page 183
User Group and Task Group Inheritance......Page 188
External AAA......Page 190
Configuring a TACACS+ Server......Page 192
Authentication Using RADIUS......Page 193
Configuring Secure Shell......Page 194
Management Plane Protection......Page 198
Access Control Lists......Page 199
Unicast RPF......Page 202
Local Packet Transport Service......Page 204
Mechanics Behind LPTS: A High-Level Overview......Page 206
Configuring LPTS......Page 212
Understanding RIP Fundamentals......Page 216
Configuring RIP in Cisco IOS XR......Page 217
Configuring Route Policy Language......Page 219
Restarting, Shutting Down, and Blocking RIP......Page 220
Verifying and Troubleshooting RIP......Page 222
Reliable Transport Protocol......Page 224
Configuring EIGRP in Cisco IOS XR......Page 225
Configuring Routing Policy......Page 226
Configuring Router ID......Page 227
Configuring and Verifying NSF......Page 228
Verifying EIGRP Process Status......Page 229
Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP......Page 231
Understanding OSPF Fundamentals......Page 232
Configuring and Verifying OSPFv2......Page 234
Hierarchical CLI and Inheritance......Page 236
Configuring OSPFv2 Authentication......Page 240
Verifying NSF Configuration and Standby RP Status......Page 242
Configuring and Verifying Nonstop Routing......Page 245
Configuring and Verifying Multiarea Adjacencies......Page 247
Configuring and Verifying Bidirectional Forwarding Detection......Page 248
Configuring and Verifying OSPFv3......Page 250
Understanding IS-IS Fundamentals......Page 253
Configuring IS-IS in Cisco IOS XR......Page 254
Verifying the Single Topology Model......Page 256
Configuring and Verifying the Multitopology Model......Page 258
Configuring and Verifying Interface States......Page 259
Configuring IS-IS NSF and IS-IS Timers......Page 260
Configuring and Verifying BFD in IS-IS......Page 262
Configuring and Verifying IP Fast Reroute......Page 263
Configuring and Verifying Authentication in IOS XR IS-IS......Page 264
Cisco IOS XR BGP Architectural Overview......Page 268
Cisco IOS XR BGP Hierarchical Configuration......Page 271
Address Family Configuration Mode......Page 272
Configuration Groups......Page 273
Implementing BGP Policies......Page 277
Routing Policy Language......Page 278
Prefix Set......Page 280
Community Set......Page 282
Routing Policies......Page 283
Hierarchical Policies and Parameterization......Page 293
BGP Policy Accounting......Page 297
BGP Remotely Triggered Black Hole......Page 299
BGP Graceful Restart......Page 301
BGP Distributed Speaker......Page 303
Cisco IOS XR BGP Convergence......Page 307
Understanding Cisco IOS XR MPLS Architecture Fundamentals......Page 314
Cisco IOS XR MPLS Load Balancing......Page 320
Label Distribution Protocol......Page 323
LDP Basic Configuration......Page 326
LDP Label Control......Page 327
LDP-IGP Sync and LDP Session Protection......Page 329
MPLS Traffic Engineering......Page 333
Cisco IOS XR Peer-to-Peer L3VPN......Page 338
Virtual Routing Forwarding Tables......Page 339
MP-iBGP Between PE Routers......Page 341
Static Routing for CE-PE......Page 355
eBGP as CE-PE Protocol......Page 356
OSPF as CE-PE Protocol......Page 359
RIP as CE-PE Protocol......Page 360
Virtual Private Wire Service......Page 361
VPWS Configuration in IOS XR......Page 362
Pseudo Wire Redundancy......Page 367
Virtual Private VLAN Service......Page 368
Understanding Multicast Routing Fundamentals......Page 378
IGMPv3......Page 379
Protocol Independent Multicast......Page 380
Understanding Cisco IOS XR Multicast......Page 381
Understanding Cisco IOS XR PIM Sparse Mode......Page 383
Understanding PIM Source Specific Multicast on IOS XR......Page 395
Configuring IGMP......Page 398
Auto-RP......Page 399
PIM SSM Configuration......Page 400
Monitoring and Troubleshooting Cisco IOS XR Multicast......Page 401
Debugging Multicast in Router's Fabric and Egress Path......Page 402
Debugging an RPF Failure Using a Line Card MFIB Command......Page 403
Owner and Non-Owner SDR......Page 406
Understanding SDR Privileges......Page 407
DRP......Page 409
Configuring a Secure Domain Router......Page 410
Creating a Named Secure Domain Router......Page 413
Assigning Resources to a Named SDR......Page 414
Logging In to a Newly Named SDR......Page 416
Process Placement......Page 418
Line Card Chassis......Page 422
Fabric Card Chassis......Page 423
Fabric Data Path......Page 425
Multishelf Fabric Interconnect......Page 426
SEA Links......Page 427
Optical Array Cables......Page 429
Recommended Practices and Considerations......Page 430
Single Module Fabric Configuration......Page 431
Multimodule Configuration......Page 433
Multishelf Control Ethernet......Page 434
Multishelf Configuration......Page 437
Viewing the Configuration......Page 440
Line Card Chassis to Multishelf Preparation......Page 445
Troubleshooting Multishelf Fabric Planes......Page 447
Troubleshooting Fabric Links......Page 450
Appendix A: ROMMON and Configuration Register Settings......Page 458
Appendix B: Multishelf 2+1 Array Cable Mapping......Page 462
Appendix C: Switch Fabric Down Flags......Page 466
A......Page 469
B......Page 470
C......Page 472
D......Page 478
E......Page 479
F......Page 480
I......Page 481
J - K - L......Page 485
M......Page 486
O......Page 489
P......Page 491
Q - R......Page 493
S......Page 497
T......Page 502
V......Page 503
W - X - Y - Z......Page 504
