This book will serve as a ready reckoner of contemporary information regarding municipal solid waste landfill biomining, treatment of landfill leachate and heavy metals in a single platform. The academicians, researchers, and students at master’s and doctoral levels will be able to understand the current trends in municipal solid waste landfill operations, which will help in augmenting their research. Construction of new landfills requires huge monetary investments, which can be avoided if old landfills were bio-mined for resources and the space can be re-used as new landfills. Landfill leachate is a hazardous waste which needs proper treatment that could generate value-added products such as clean energy and biofertilizers. In this book, each chapter would provide the background, methodology, and relevant calculations for sustaining landfill operations. Also, the case studies based on best practices in municipal solid waste landfilling are discussed in this book.
Author(s): Pankaj Pathak, Sankar Ganesh Palani
Series: Radionuclides and Heavy Metals in the Environment
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 270
City: Singapore
Series Editors’ Foreword
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Solid Waste Management and Landfill in High-Income Countries
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Solid Waste Types, Compositions and Management
1.2.1 Generation of MSW
1.2.2 Solid Waste Management
1.3 Solid Waste Management by Landfilling with Biogas Generation
1.4 History Transition and Adaption of Circular Economy Approach in MSWM for Selected High-Income Countries
1.4.1 New Zealand
1.4.2 United States
1.4.3 England
1.4.4 Australia
1.5 Emerging Technologies for Solid Waste Management Adopted by the High-Income Group Countries
1.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Landfill Mining: Significance, Operation and Global Perspectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Landfill Mining
2.2.1 Landfill Mining Concept
2.2.2 Types of Landfill Mining
2.2.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfills
2.2.2.2 The Mono Waste Landfills
2.2.2.3 The Inert Landfills
2.2.3 Significance of Landfill Mining
2.2.3.1 Resource Recovery and Recycling of Waste
2.2.3.2 Environmental Benefits
2.3 Landfill Mining Unit Operations
2.3.1 Drilling or Excavation
2.3.2 Shredding/Volume Reduction
2.3.3 Separation & Screening
2.4 Feasibility and Impact of Landfill Mining
2.4.1 Technical Feasibility
2.4.2 Economic Feasibility and Impact
2.4.3 Environmental, Health and Sociological Feasibility and Impact
2.4.4 Regulatory
2.5 Global Perspectives of Landfill Mining
2.5.1 Perspectives
2.5.1.1 Asia and the Middle East
2.5.1.2 Europe
2.5.1.3 America
2.5.1.4 Africa
2.5.2 Future Directions for Landfill Mining
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Open Dumps and Circular Economy: Assessing Landfill Mining Potential, Benefits and Challenges for Indian Dumpsites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Indian Scenario
3.2.1 Literature Studies
3.2.1.1 Characterisation
3.2.1.2 Economics
3.2.1.3 Environment
3.2.1.4 Conceptual/Modelling
3.2.1.5 Valorization
3.2.2 Major Field Initiatives in Landfill Mining
3.2.3 Landfill Mining Potential for India
3.3 Benefits and Challenges in Landfill Mining
3.4 Future Directions for Landfill Mining
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Environmental Issues Due to Open Dumping and Landfilling
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Global Waste Generation
4.3 Waste Management
4.4 Waste Management via Landfilling and Open Dumping
4.5 Composition of MSW and Its Leachate
4.6 Environmental Impacts of MSW Landfills and Open Dumps
4.6.1 Water Contamination
4.6.1.1 Groundwater Contamination
4.6.1.2 Surface Water Contamination
4.6.2 Soil Contamination
4.6.2.1 Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds Pollution
4.6.2.2 Vegetation Decline
4.6.2.3 Slope Instability
4.6.2.4 Biological Vectors
4.6.3 Air Contamination
4.6.3.1 Fire and Explosion
4.6.3.2 Odor or Smell
4.6.3.3 Greenhouse Gases
4.6.4 Impacts on Human Health
4.7 Landfill Mining: A Way to Reduce Environmental and Financial Impacts
4.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Molecular Tools- A Future Perspective Approach for Monitoring Landfill Leachates and Validating Bioremediation Process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Contaminants in the Environment
5.3 Bioremediation
5.4 Monitoring and Validating Bioremediation Process
5.5 Qualitative Method- DNA Fingerprinting
5.6 Quantitative Method
5.6.1 DNA Hybridization
5.6.2 RT-PCR
5.6.3 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
5.6.4 DNA Microarray
5.6.5 Reverse Sample Genome Probing
5.7 “Omics” Approaches in Bioremediation
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: An Overview of Physicochemical and Biological Treatment of Landfill Leachate
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and Leachate
6.2.1 Landfills
6.2.2 Landfill Leachate
6.2.3 Landfill Leachate Characteristics
6.2.4 Landfill Leachate Effect on the Environment and Local Ecology
6.2.5 Overview of Landfill Leachate Treatments
6.3 Physicochemical Treatment of Landfill Leachate
6.3.1 Conventional Physicochemical Treatment Techniques of Landfill Leachate
6.3.1.1 Coagulation-Flocculation
6.3.1.2 Chemical Precipitation
6.3.1.3 Air Stripping
6.3.2 New Physicochemical Treatment Technologies of Landfill Leachate
6.3.2.1 Pressure Driven Membrane Technology
6.3.2.2 Forward Osmosis
6.3.2.3 Membrane Distillation
6.3.2.4 Electrodialysis
6.3.2.5 Ion Exchange Process
6.3.2.6 Adsorption
6.3.2.7 Advanced Oxidation Process
Electrochemical Oxidation
Ozonation
Fenton Processes
6.4 Biological Treatment of Landfill Leachate
6.4.1 Conventional Biological Treatment Techniques of Landfill Leachate
6.4.1.1 Lagoons
6.4.1.2 Activated Sludge Process
6.4.1.3 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
6.4.1.4 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
6.4.1.5 Trickling Filters
6.4.1.6 Constructed Wetlands
6.4.1.7 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor
6.4.1.8 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
6.4.1.9 ANAMMOX Process
6.4.1.10 Phytoremediation
6.4.1.11 Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)
6.4.2 New Biological Treatment Techniques of Landfill Leachate
6.4.2.1 Fungal Bioremediation
6.4.2.2 Anaerobic Co-digestion of Landfill Leachate
6.4.2.3 Algal Bioremediation
6.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Advancements in Operations of Bioreactor Landfills for Enhanced Biodegradation of Municipal Solid Waste
7.1 Introduction
7.2 MSW Degradation Mechanism in BRLs
7.2.1 Hydrolysis
7.2.2 Acidogenesis
7.2.3 Acetogenesis
7.2.4 Methanogenesis
7.3 Technological Operations for Enhancing MSW Biodegradation in BRLs
7.3.1 Mechanical Pretreatment
7.3.2 MSW Compaction
7.3.3 Co-disposal of Other Organic Wastes
7.3.4 Enzymatic Amendments
7.3.5 Hybrid Operation of BRL
7.4 Environmental Sustainability of BRL
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Anaerobic Co-digestion of Landfill Leachate with Other Feedstocks
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Landfill Leachate Generation
8.1.2 Landfill Leachate Composition and Characteristics
8.2 Landfill Leachate Treatment
8.2.1 Physicochemical Treatment
8.2.2 Biological Treatment
8.3 Anaerobic Digestion of Landfill Leachate
8.3.1 Inhibition of Anaerobic Digestion of Landfill Leachate
8.3.1.1 Ammoniacal Nitrogen
8.3.1.2 Refractory Organics
8.3.1.3 Heavy Metals
8.3.2 Mitigation of Inhibitory Components of Landfill Leachate
8.3.2.1 Pretreatment to Enhance AD
8.4 Anaerobic Co-digestion as an Alternative to Enhance AD
8.4.1 Anaerobic Co-digestion with Sewage Sludge
8.4.2 Anaerobic Co-digestion with Domestic Sewage
8.4.3 Anaerobic Co-digestion with Food Waste
8.4.4 Anaerobic Co-digestion with the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste
8.4.5 Anaerobic Co-digestion with Septage
8.4.6 Anaerobic Co-digestion with Wine/Fruit Juice Waste
8.4.7 Anaerobic Co-digestion with Acid Mine Drainage
8.4.8 Anaerobic Co-digestion with Glycerin/Glycerol
8.4.9 Anaerobic Co-digestion with Synthetic Wastewater
8.5 Future Prospects
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation Enrichment to Enhance Landfill Leachate Treatment
9.1 Nitrogen Profile During Landfill Waste Decomposition
9.2 Nitrogen Removal Techniques for Landfill Leachate Treatment
9.2.1 Physical and Chemical Nitrogen Removal Methods for Landfill Leachate Treatment
9.2.2 Biological Nitrogen Removal Methods for Landfill Leachate Treatment
9.2.2.1 Conventional Biological Nitrogen Removal Methods for Landfill Leachate Treatment
9.2.2.2 Phototrophic Systems for Landfill Leachate Treatment
9.2.2.3 Microbial Electrochemical Technologies (METs) for Landfill Leachate Treatment
9.2.2.4 Novel Nitrogen Removal Methods for Landfill Leachate Treatment
9.3 ANAMMOX Process for Landfill Leachate Treatment
9.3.1 Factors Influencing the ANAMMOX Process
9.3.2 AnAOB Enrichment Studies for ANAMMOX Process
9.4 Case Study on AnAOBs Enrichment Using MSW for ANAMMOX Process
9.4.1 Materials and Methods
9.4.2 Results and Discussion
9.4.2.1 Performance of AnAOBs Enrichment in Large-Scale Reactors
9.4.2.2 Confirmation Studies of AnAOBs Enrichment in Large-Scale Reactors
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Valorization of Solid Waste from Landfill Activities
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Different Types of Landfill Waste
10.2.1 Construction & Demolition Wastes
10.2.2 Inert Waste from MSW
10.2.3 Metal Scraps from E-Waste
10.3 Environmental Impacts Associated with Landfill Waste
10.4 Valorization of Landfill Waste
10.4.1 Urban Mining of E-Waste
10.4.1.1 Physical Methods
10.4.1.2 Metal Recovery Methods
Pyrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgy
Bio-metallurgy
10.4.2 Urban Mining of Construction Waste
10.4.3 Urban Mining of Inert Plastic Waste
10.4.3.1 Refuse-Derived Fuel
10.4.3.2 Bio-augmentation of Plastics
10.4.3.3 Plastic to Road Construction
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Biomined and Fresh Municipal Solid Waste as Sources of Refuse Derived Fuel
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basics of RDF
11.2.1 RDF Composition
11.2.2 Qualitative Assessment of RDF
11.2.3 Classification of RDF
11.2.4 MSW Sampling Procedure for RDF Making
11.2.5 Brief on Conventional RDF Making Process
11.2.6 Detailed RDF Processing Mechanism
11.2.7 Unit Operations
11.2.8 Primary Shredding and Air Drying
11.2.9 Sorting
11.2.10 Secondary Shredding & Screening
11.2.11 Ballistic Separation
11.2.12 Air Classifiers
11.3 Results of Microexperiment
11.4 Discussions
11.4.1 Possible Utilization of RDF
11.4.2 Economic Viability of RDF Manufacturing
11.4.3 Biomining and RDF Recovery
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Recovery of Metal Values by Treating the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ashes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Characterization of Incinerated MSW
12.3 Treatment of Incinerated Fly Ash
12.4 Treatment of Incinerated Bottom Ash
12.5 Conclusions
References
