Circadian and Visual Neuroscience

Front Cover
Circadian and Visual Neuroscience
Copyright
Contributors
Contents
Foreword
References
Introduction
Chapter 1: Circadian and visual photometry
1. The basis of physical photometry
1.1. Additional notes to Eqs. (1) to (7)
2. Colorimetry
3. IIL responses
3.1. Additional notes to Eqs. (14) and (15)
4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Optical stimulation systems for studying human vision
1. Introduction
1.1. The silent substitution method
2. Optical stimulation systems
2.1. Nonimage-forming arrangements
2.1.1. Maxwellian view systems
2.1.1.1. Multi-primary photostimulators
2.1.2. Ganzfeld stimulators
2.1.2.1. Electrophysiology
2.1.2.2. Pupillometry
2.1.2.3. Silent substitution in Ganzfelds
2.2. Image-forming arrangements
2.2.1. Monitors
2.2.1.1. Liquid crystal display
2.2.1.2. Organic light-emitting diode
2.2.2. Projectors
2.2.2.1. Light source
2.2.2.2. Imager
2.2.2.3. Projection optics
2.2.2.4. Screens
2.2.3. Multi-primary displays
2.2.3.1. Optical strategies
2.2.3.1.1. Monitor-based system
2.2.3.1.2. Projector-based systems
2.2.3.1.3. Dual-modulation system
2.2.3.1.4. A few comparisons
2.2.4. Technological limitations
2.2.4.1. Color gamut
2.2.4.2. Sampling frequency
2.2.4.3. Light range
2.2.4.4. Spatial resolution
3. Characterization and calibration principles
3.1. Stimulator response curve
3.1.1. Procedures to obtain the response curve
3.1.2. Procedure to expand luminance resolution in a display
3.2. Spectral power distribution
3.3. Additivity
3.4. Modulation transfer function
3.5. Spatial uniformity
3.6. Temporal stability
3.7. Sources of artifacts
4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Hyperspectral characterization of natural lighting environments
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Capturing images of a mirror sphere
2.2. Image processing
3. Application
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Chapter 4: Endogenous functioning and light response of the retinal clock in vertebrates
1. Introduction
2. Molecular organization of the retinal clock in vertebrates
3. Cellular organization of the retinal clock in vertebrates
4. Retinal circadian rhythms
5. The light response of the retinal clock
6. Future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Light-dependent effects on mood: Mechanistic insights from animal models
1. Introduction
2. Light detection pathways and effects on physiology in mammals
3. Effects of light on mood in humans
3.1. Light at night
3.2. Transmeridian travel
3.3. Seasonal changes in daylength
3.4. Bright light therapy
4. Animal models
4.1. Using animals to study mood disorders
4.2. Nocturnal versus diurnal
5. Mood alterations induced by light-dependent disruption of circadian rhythms
6. Direct effects of light
7. Bright light therapy
8. Discussion
References
Chapter 6: Rodent models in translational circadian photobiology
1. Introduction
2. The role of rodent models in circadian photobiology
3. Translational circadian photobiology
4. Strengths and limitations of rodent models
4.1. Strengths
4.2. Limitations
5. Future directions
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Slow vision: Measuring melanopsin-mediated light effects in animal models
1. Introduction
2. Methods of studying melanopsin at a systems level
2.1. Eliminating rod/cone responses
2.2. Manipulating melanopsin activity
2.3. Modulating ipRGC activity
2.4. Stimulus spectra and receptor silent substitution
3. Melanopsin contribution to nonimage-forming function: Methods and findings
3.1. Circadian photoentrainment
3.2. Pupillary light reflex
3.3. Sleep and behavioral regulation
3.4. Mood regulation
4. Closing remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Beyond irradiance: Visual signals influencing mammalian circadian function
1. Introduction
2. Experimental paradigms providing insight into the photoentrainment mechanism
3. Evidence for inner and outer retinal sources of circadian control
4. Retinal photoreceptor specializations
5. Rod contributions to circadian photoentrainment
6. Cone contributions to circadian photoentrainment
7. Spatiotemporal properties of circadian responses
8. Do insights into rodent photoentrainment translate to humans?
9. Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Circadian photoreception: The impact of light on human circadian rhythms
1. Phase response curve
2. Duration sensitivity
3. Intensity response curve
4. Spectral sensitivity
References
Chapter 10: Modeling (circadian)
1. Introduction
2. Foundational aspects of modeling the circadian system
2.1. Process C: A simple sinusoid
2.1.1. Limitations of a sinusoidal representation of the circadian system
2.2. Oscillator models of the mammalian circadian system
2.2.1. Coupled oscillator model of internal desynchrony
2.2.2. Oscillator model of the effect of light on the human circadian system
2.2.3. Refinements to the limit cycle oscillator model
3. Representation of light in models of the circadian system
3.1. Power-law relationship for circadian light effects
3.2. Process L: The light preprocessor
3.3. Beyond lux as light input to mathematical models of the circadian system
3.3.1. Melanopic EDI
3.3.2. Circadian stimulus
3.4. Temporal dynamics of light and cross-species comparisons
4. Application of mathematical models to improve human health and performance
4.1. Predictions of neurobehavioral performance and alertness
4.1.1. Sleep-wake and work schedule evaluations
4.2. Individualized predictions of circadian phase
4.3. Generating testable hypotheses for light treatment and future experiments
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Visual encoding: Principles and software
1. Introduction
2. Representing the scene radiance
2.1. Planar scenes: Calibrated display
2.2. Planar scenes: Natural image approximation
2.3. Display variation
2.4. Three-dimensional scenes
3. Optics: The retinal irradiance
3.1. Image formation: 2D
3.1.1. Space- and wavelength-varying PSFs
3.1.2. Shift-invariant PSFs
3.1.3. Diffraction
3.2. Image formation: 3D
4. Light transduction
4.1. Rod and cone photoreceptors
4.1.1. Calculating excitations
4.1.2. Principle of Univariance
4.1.3. Cone fundamentals
4.1.4. Cone mosaic
4.2. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
5. Example calculations
6. Summary
References
Chapter 12: Visual psychophysics: Luminance and color
1. Introduction
2. Psychophysical methods
2.1. Classical methods
2.2. Signal detection theory
2.3. Adaptive methods
3. Selected results
3.1. Luminous efficiency and spectral sensitivity
3.2. Color vision
3.2.1. Color appearance
3.2.2. Cone fundamentals
3.2.3. Psychophysical methods of cone isolation
3.2.4. A chromatic detection model
3.2.5. Spectral sensitivity revisited
3.2.6. Investigation of postreceptoral mechanisms
3.2.7. Single-cone psychophysics
3.3. Spatial and temporal sensitivity: Effects of light level
3.3.1. Weber's law
3.3.2. Contrast sensitivity
3.3.2.1. Spatial contrast sensitivity
3.3.2.2. Temporal contrast sensitivity
4. Final thoughts & resources
4.1. Additional resources
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: Aging of visual mechanisms
1. Introduction
2. Optical changes associated with aging
2.1. Senescent changes in the eye pupil
2.2. Senescent changes in preretinal filters
2.3. Senescent changes in retinal image quality
3. Senescent changes in sensitivity of rod and cone pathways
3.1. Dark adaptation and rod sensitivity
3.2. Age-related changes in cone sensitivity
3.3. Color discrimination
3.4. Spatial vision
3.5. Estimating sensitivity changes of ipRGCs
3.6. Temporal vision
4. A note about unconscious visual processes
References
Chapter 14: Seeing and sensing temporal variations in natural daylight
1. Measurements of natural illumination over time
1.1. The chromaticities of daylight
1.2. Temporal variations in daylight chromaticity and illuminance from dawn to dusk
1.2.1. Solar elevation and other factors
1.2.2. The tripartite pattern of temporal changes in daylight
2. The dual human response to light
2.1. Responses to light in nonvisual pathways
2.2. The role of S cone pathways
3. Measuring perception of temporal variations in illumination
3.1. Visual discrimination of temporal changes in illumination chromaticity
3.2. Perceptual thresholds compared with natural illumination temporal change characteristics
3.3. Nonvisual and visual mechanisms underlying the discrimination of temporal changes in illumination
3.4. Implications and open questions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15: Light in ecological settings: Entrainment, circadian disruption, and interventions
1. Introduction
2. Entrainment in humans: Light as the dominant zeitgeber
2.1. Models of entrainment
2.1.1. Non-parametric entrainment
2.1.2. Parametric entrainment
2.1.3. Integrated entrainment
2.1.4. Phase of entrainment
2.2. Chronotypes
3. Circadian disruption: How misaligned light-dark cycles can disrupt the circadian system
3.1. Sleep regularity
3.1.1. Social jetlag
3.2. Position within a time zone
3.3. Daylight saving time
3.4. Shift work
4. Field studies: Using light to mitigate effects of circadian disruption in ecological settings
4.1. Phase shifting effects of light
4.2. Zeitgeber strengthening and acute alerting properties of light
4.3. Non-24-h light-dark cycles
4.4. Challenges and recommendations
4.4.1. No one-size-fits-all
4.4.2. Assessing compliance to the protocol
4.4.3. Using and reporting recommended light settings
4.4.4. Considering visual aspects of light
4.4.5. Weighing up short-term and long-term benefits
4.4.6. Tailoring light interventions to individuals
5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: How can light be used to optimize sleep and health in older adults?
1. Introduction
2. Normal age-related changes to sleep and circadian rhythmicity
2.1. Sleep
2.2. Circadian rhythmicity
3. Can light improve sleep in older adults?
3.1. Bright light treatment
3.2. How might light improve circadian rhythmicity?
3.3. How might light improve sleep?
4. Methodological considerations for the use of light in sleep and health
4.1. What is the most effective mode of delivery?
4.2. What is the most feasible mode of delivery?
4.3. What is the optimal dose?
5. Can light be used to treat clinical problems?
5.1. Physical health
5.2. Sleep problems
5.3. Mood and depression
5.4. Circadian rhythm disorders
5.5. Prevention
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
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