Churchill's Pocketbook of Differential Diagnosis

CHURCHILL’S POCKETBOOK OF Differential Diagnosis
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Figure Acknowledgements
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
Abbreviations
Section A: Clinical Presentations
Abdominal Pain
Causes
History
Age
Pain
Defecation
Fever
Past history
Examination
General
Pulse, temperature, respiration
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Chest
Abdomen
Rectal examination
Vaginal examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Abdominal Swellings
Right Upper Quadrant
Causes
History
Liver
Gall bladder
Right colon
Right kidney
Examination
Liver
Gall bladder
Right colon
Right kidney
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Left Upper Quadrant
Causes
History
Spleen
Stomach
Pancreas
Kidney
Colon
Examination
Stomach
Colon
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Epigastrium
Causes
History
Abdominal wall
Stomach
Retroperitoneum
Examination
Abdominal wall
Retroperitoneum
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Umbilical
Causes
History
Superficial
Hernia
Small bowel
Examination
Superficial
Hernia
Small bowel
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Right and Left Lower Quadrants
Causes
History
Anterior abdominal wall
Large bowel
Small bowel
Spleen
Ovary/fallopian tube/uterus
Retroperitoneum
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Suprapubic
Causes
History
Bladder
Uterus
Urachus
Examination
Uterus
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Anorectal Pain
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Arm Pain
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Arm Swellings
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Ascites
Causes
History
Symptoms
Onset
Past medical history
Associated symptoms
Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion
Internal examination
General Investigations
Ascitic fluid
Appearance
Chylous
Bile-stained
Haemorrhagic
Straw-coloured
Biochemistry
Protein
Amylase
Glucose
Triglyceride
Bilirubin
Microbiology
Cytology
WCC
Specific Investigations
Axillary Swellings
Causes
History
Superficial
Acute abscess
Sebaceous cyst
Lipoma
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Deep
Lymphadenopathy (p. 321)
Breast lumps
Lipoma
Chronic abscess
Axillary artery aneurysm
Examination
Superficial
Acute abscess
Lipoma
Sebaceous cyst
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Deep
Chronic abscess
Lymphadenopathy
Lipoma
Axillary artery aneurysm
Breast lumps
General Investigations
Special Investigations
Backache
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
General
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Degenerative
Metabolic
Endocrine
Idiopathic
Psychogenic
Visceral
Vascular
Renal
Gynaecological
Examination
General
Congenital
Acquired
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Degenerative
Metabolic
Endocrine
Idiopathic
Psychogenic
Visceral
Vascular
Renal
Gynaecological
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Breast Lumps
Causes
History
Examination
Carcinoma
Phyllodes Tumour
Fibroadenoma
Cyst
Galactocele
Fat necrosis
Lipoma
Duct ectasia
Sebaceous cyst
Generalised swellings
Swellings behind the breast
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Breast Pain
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Chest Pain
Causes
History
Character
Location
Precipitating factors
Relieving factors
Trauma
Emotion
Examination
Temperature
Pulse
JVP
Palpation of the chest
Auscultation of the chest
Lower limbs
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Clubbing
Causes
History
Duration
Respiratory symptoms
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Family history
Examination
Inspection
Temperature
Examination of the chest
Abdominal examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Coma
Causes
History
Presentation
Onset
Trauma
Headache
Predisposing factors
Examination
Temperature
General examination
Neurological examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Confusion
Causes
History
Onset
Past medical history
Drug history
Associated symptoms
Examination
Temperature
General
Systemic examination
Neurological examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Constipation
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Obstruction
Painful anus
Adynamic bowel
Endocrine
Drugs
Other
Examination
Obstruction
Painful anus
Adynamic bowel
Endocrine
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Convulsions
Causes
History
Event
Precipitating factors
Headache
Associated neurology
Past medical and drug history
Examination
Temperature
General examination
Neurological examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Cough
Causes
History
Onset and duration
Sputum
Smoking history
Associated symptoms
Examination
Temperature
Inspection and palpation
Auscultation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Cyanosis
Causes
History
Central cyanosis
Onset
Chest pain
Dyspnoea
Past medical history and drug history
Peripheral cyanosis
General history
Examination
Temperature
Inspection
Respiratory examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Deafness
Causes
History
Duration
Onset
Pain
Precipitating factors
Associated symptoms
Drug history
Examination
Examination of the ear
Assessment of hearing
General examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Diarrhoea
Causes
History
Infective enteritis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Malabsorption
Neoplastic
Other intestinal
Gastric
Pancreatic lesions
Endocrine disorders
Drugs
Other
Examination
Infective enteritis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Neoplastic
Other intestinal
Gastric
Pancreatic
Endocrine
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Dizziness
Causes
History
General
Precipitating factors
Associated symptoms
Drug history
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Dysphagia
Causes
History
Congenital
Oesophageal atresia
Acquired
In the lumen
In the wall
Outside the wall
Neuromuscular
Others
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Dyspnoea
Causes
History
Onset
Precipitating factors
Relieving factors
Associated factors
Examination
Inspection
Pulse
JVP
Temperature
Trachea
Expansion
Percussion
Auscultation of the precordium
Breath sounds
Added sounds
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Ear Disorders
Causes
History
Local
External ear
External auditory meatus
Middle ear
Referred pain
Neurological
Examination
Local
External ear
External auditory meatus
Middle ear
Referred pain
Neurological
General Investigations
Eye Disorders
Causes
History
Pain
Visual disturbance
Discharge
Past medical history
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Facial Pain
Causes
History
Site
Character
Precipitating factors
Associated symptoms
Examination
Inspection
Palpation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Facial Swellings
Causes
History
Traumatic
Infective
Neoplastic
Vascular
Endocrine
Metabolic
Drugs
Other
Examination
Traumatic
Infective
Neoplastic
Vascular
Endocrine
Metabolic
Drugs
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Facial Ulcers
Causes
History
Examination
Benign ulcers
Malignant ulcers
Infective
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Faecal Incontinence
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Finger Lesions
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Traumatic/degenerative
Dupuytren’s contracture
Implantation dermoid
Pyogenic granuloma
Trigger finger
Mallet finger
Swan-neck deformity
Boutonnière deformity
Heberden’s nodes
Mucous cyst
Calluses over knuckles (bulimia)
Metabolic
Tophaceous gout
Ectopic calcification
Connective tissue disease
CREST syndrome
Neoplastic
Subungual melanoma
Enchondroma
Examination
Congenital
Acquired
Traumatic/degenerative
Dupuytren’s contracture
Implantation dermoid
Trigger finger
Mallet finger
Swan-neck deformity
Boutonnière deformity
Heberden’s nodes
Mucous cyst
Metabolic
Tophaceous gout
Ectopic calcification
Connective tissue disease
CREST syndrome
Neoplastic
Subungual melanoma
Enchondroma
General Investigations
Finger Pain
Causes
History
Traumatic
Inflammatory/infective
Paronychia
Pulp space infection
Tendon sheath infection
Neoplastic
Glomus tumour
Primary and secondary bone tumours
Degenerative
Rheumatoid arthritis
Vascular
Chilblains
Small vessel disease
Metabolic
Gout
Autoimmune
Scleroderma
Neurological
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cervical lesions
Examination
Traumatic
Inflammatory/infective
Paronychia
Pulp space infection
Tendon sheath infection
Neoplastic
Glomus tumours
Primary and secondary tumours
Degenerative
Rheumatoid arthritis
Vascular
Chilblains
Small vessel disease
Metabolic
Gout
Autoimmune
Scleroderma
Neurological
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cervical spondylosis
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Foot Deformities
Causes
History
Talipes equinovarus
Metatarsus adductus
Pes planus
Pes cavus
Acquired talipes
Trauma
Examination
Talipes equinovarus
Metatarsus adductus
Pes planus
Pes cavus
Acquired talipes
Trauma
General Investigations
Foot Pain
Causes
History
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Vascular
Metabolic
Degenerative
Other
Examination
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Vascular
Metabolic
Degenerative
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Foot Ulcers
Causes
History
Vascular
Neuropathic
Neoplastic
Traumatic
Infective
Examination
Vascular
Neuropathic
Neoplastic
Traumatic
Infective
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Gait Abnormalities
Causes
History
Duration
Associated symptoms
Past medical and drug history
Examination
The asymmetrical gait
The symmetrical gait
Orthopaedic examination
Neurological examination
Specific examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Goitre
Causes
History
Simple hyperplastic goitre
Multinodular goitre
Toxic goitre
Autoimmune
Neoplastic goitre
Inflammatory (rare)
Examination
Simple hyperplastic goitre
Multinodular goitre
Toxic goitre
Autoimmune
Neoplastic goitre
Inflammatory
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Groin Swellings
Causes
History
Sebaceous cyst
Lipoma
Hernias
Imperfectly descended testis
Lipoma of the cord
Hydrocele of the cord
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck
Lymph nodes
Saphena varix
Femoral artery aneurysm
Imperfectly descended testis
Neuroma of the femoral nerve
Synovioma of the hip joint
Obturator hernia
Examination
Sebaceous cyst
Lipoma
Hernias
Imperfectly descended testis
Lipoma of the cord
Hydrocele of the cord
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck
Femoral hernia
Lymph nodes
Saphena varix
Femoral artery aneurysm
Imperfectly descended testis
Neuroma of the femoral nerve
Synovioma of the hip joint
Obturator hernia
Psoas abscess
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Gum Disorders
Causes
History
Examination
Local
General
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Gynaecomastia
Causes
History
Examination
Local
General
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Haematemesis
Causes
History
Swallowed blood
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Bleeding disorders
Drugs
Others
Examination
Swallowed blood
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Bleeding disorders
Drugs
Others
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Haematuria
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Haemoptysis
Causes
History
Onset
Dyspnoea
Weight loss
Other sites of bleeding
Past medical and drug history
Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion and auscultation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Halitosis
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Hallucinations
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Hand Deformities
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Trauma and burns
Dupuytren’s contracture
Rheumatoid arthritis
Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture
Spinal cord lesions
Brachial plexus lesions
Peripheral nerve lesions
Ollier’s disease
Examination
Congenital
Acquired
Trauma and burns
Dupuytren’s contracture
Rheumatoid arthritis
Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture
Spinal cord lesions
Brachial plexus injuries
Peripheral nerve lesions
Ollier’s disease
General Investigations
Headache
Causes
History
Onset
Site
Character
Precipitating factors
Associated symptoms
Examination
Temperature
Inspection
Palpation
Neurological examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Hemiplegia
Causes
History
Onset
Precipitating factors
Associated symptoms
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Hepatomegaly
Causes
History
Hepatitis/infection
Congestion
Infiltration
Biliary tract disease
Malignancy
Metabolic
Others
Regular generalised enlargement without jaundice
Regular generalised enlargement with jaundice
Irregular generalised enlargement without jaundice
Irregular generalised enlargement with jaundice
Localised swellings
Examination
General
Congestion
Biliary tract disease
Storage disease
Malignancy
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Hiccups
Causes
History
Respiratory history
Abdominal history
Neurological history
Others
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Hirsutism
Causes
History
General
Menstrual history
Drug history
Associated symptoms
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Hypertension
Causes
Other
History
Examination
Inspection
Palpation and auscultation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Impotence
Causes
Examination
Vascular
Neurological
Endocrine
Local painful conditions
Systemic disease
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Intestinal Obstruction
Causes
History
Small bowel
Large bowel
Adynamic obstruction
Examination
Small bowel
Large bowel
Adynamic obstruction
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Jaundice
Causes
History
General
Newborn
Prehepatic
Hepatocellular
Cholestatic
Examination
Prehepatic (haemolytic)
Hepatic
Cholestatic
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Jaw Pain and Swellings
Causes
History
Traumatic
Infective
Temporomandibular joint
Cystic
Neoplastic
Others
Examination
Traumatic
Infective
Temporomandibular joint
Cystic
Neoplastic
Other
General Investigations
Special Investigations
Joint Disorders
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Infective
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Enteropathic
Endocrine
Metabolic
Neuropathic
Haematological
Drugs
Neoplastic
Other
Examination
Congenital
Acquired
Infective
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Enteropathic
Endocrine
Metabolic
Neuropathic
Haematological
Drugs
Neoplastic
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Individual Joints
Shoulder
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Traumatic
Degenerative
Inflammatory
Infective
Neoplastic
Referred pain
Neurological
Examination
Congenital
Acquired
Traumatic
Degenerative
Inflammatory
Infective
Neoplastic
Referred pain
Neurological
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Elbow
Causes
History
Traumatic
Degenerative
Inflammatory
Neurological
Other
Examination
Traumatic
Degenerative
Inflammatory
Neurological
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Wrist
Causes
History
Traumatic
Degenerative
Inflammatory
Other
Examination
Traumatic
Degenerative
Inflammatory
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Hip
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Neoplastic
Other
Examination
Congenital
Acquired
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Neoplastic
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Knee
Causes
History
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Metabolic
Neuropathic
Neoplastic
Other
Bursitis
Baker’s cyst
Disorders of alignment
Patellofemoral instability
Referred pain
Osteochondritis dissecans
Osgood–Schlatter’s disease
Chondromalacia patellae
Examination
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Metabolic
Neuropathic
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Ankle
Causes
History
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Others
Examination
Traumatic
Infective
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Others
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Kidney Swellings
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Leg Pain
Causes
History
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Infective
Degenerative
Vascular
Neurological
Metabolic
Neoplastic
Other
Examination
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Infective
Degenerative
Vascular
Neoplastic
Neurological
Metabolic
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Leg Swellings
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Leg Ulcers
Causes
History
Examination
Site
Edge
Base
Surrounding tissues
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Lip Lesions
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Flat lesions
Raised lesions
Erosions
Swelling
Cheilitis
Examination
Congenital
Acquired
Flat lesions
Raised lesions
Erosions
Swellings and cheilitis
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Lymphadenopathy
Causes
History
Infection
Primary malignancy
Secondary malignancy
Other conditions
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Melaena
Causes
History
Swallowed blood
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Small intestine
Other causes of dark stools
Examination
Swallowed blood
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Small intestine
Bleeding disorders
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Mouth Ulcers
Causes
History
Traumatic
Aphthous
Inflammatory
Infective
Neoplastic
Haematological disorders
Skin disease-associated
Connective tissue disease
Other
Examination
Traumatic
Aphthous
Inflammatory
Infective
Neoplastic
Haematological disorders
Skin disease-associated
Connective tissue disorders
Other
General Investigations
Muscle Weakness and Wasting
Causes
History
Onset
Site
Precipitating factors
Past medical history
Associated symptoms
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Nail Abnormalities
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Infections
Traumatic
Systemic illness
Dermatological
Other
Examination
Congenital
Acquired
Infections
Traumatic
Systemic illness
Dermatological
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Nasal Discharge
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Infective
Allergic
Allergic rhinitis
Inflammatory
Vasomotor rhinitis
Nasal polyps
Non-eosinophilic vasomotor rhinitis
Neoplastic
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Carcinoma of the maxillary sinus
Malignant granuloma
Granulomatous disease
Traumatic
Degenerative
Examination
Choanal atresia
Infective
Allergic
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Granulomatous disease
Traumatic
Degenerative
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Neck Lumps
Causes
History
Symptoms
Past medical history
Examination
Sebaceous cyst
Lipoma
Dermoid cyst
Abscess
Lymphadenopathy
Thyroid
Thyroglossal cyst
Salivary gland
Branchial cyst
Carotid body tumour
Carotid aneurysm
Sternomastoid ‘tumour’
Cervical rib
Subclavian artery aneurysm
Pharyngeal pouch
Cystic hygromas
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Neck Pain
Causes
History
Congenital
Acquired
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Infective
Degenerative
Neoplastic
Other
Examination
Congenital
Acquired
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Infective
Degenerative
Neoplastic
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Nipple Discharge
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Oedema
Causes
History
Site and distribution
Precipitating factors
Past medical and drug history
Associated symptoms
Cardiac failure
Liver disease
Renal disease – nephrotic syndrome
Malabsorption
Venous thrombosis
Examination
Inspection
Cardiovascular system
Abdominal examination
Legs
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Oliguria
Causes
History
Renal circulatory insufficiency
Renal causes
Post-renal
Others
Anuria
Examination
General
Specific
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Palpitations
Causes
History
Additional features
Examination
Initial Investigations
12-lead ECG
Further Investigations
Ambulatory ECG monitoring
Penile Lesions
Causes
History
Foreskin and glans
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Balanoposthitis
Balanitis xerotica obliterans
Herpes genitalis
Condylomata (warts)
Trauma
Carcinoma
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Syphilitic chancre
Shaft
Peyronie’s disease
Priapism
Urethra
Epispadias
Hypospadias
Examination
Foreskin and glans
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
Balanoposthitis
Balanitis xerotica obliterans
Herpes genitalis
Condylomata (warts)
Trauma
Carcinoma
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Syphilitic chancre
Shaft
Peyronie’s disease
Priapism
Urethra
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Polyuria
Causes
History
General
Drug history
Past medical history
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Popliteal Swellings
Causes
History
Superficial
Sebaceous cyst
Lipoma
Varix of the short saphenous vein
Deep
Lipoma
Lymphadenopathy
Semi-membranosus bursa
Baker’s cyst
Popliteal artery aneurysm
Bony
Exostoses
Osteogenic sarcoma
Examination
Superficial
Sebaceous cyst
Lipoma
Varix of the short saphenous vein
Deep
Lipoma
Lymphadenopathy
Semi-membranosus bursa
Baker’s cyst
Popliteal artery aneurysm
Bony
Exostoses
Osteogenic sarcoma
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Pruritus
Causes
History
Examination
Inspection
General Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Pruritus Ani
Causes
History
Anal discharge
Faecal soiling
Skin diseases
Parasites
Psychogenic
Examination
Anal discharge
Faecal soiling
Skin diseases
Parasites
Psychogenic
General Investigations
Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
Causes
History
Examination
Investigations
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Rectal Bleeding
Causes
History
Anus
Haemorrhoids
Fissure-in-ano
Carcinoma of the anal canal
Trauma
Colorectal
Carcinoma
Polyps
Diverticular disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ischaemic colitis
Angiodysplasia
Irradiation proctitis or colitis
Rectal prolapse
Solitary rectal ulcer
Small bowel
Meckel’s diverticulum
Intussusception
Mesenteric infarction
Aortoenteric fistula
Upper gastrointestinal tract
Others
Uraemia
Examination
Anus
Haemorrhoids
Fissure-in-ano
Carcinoma
Trauma
Colon and rectum
Carcinoma
Polyps
Diverticular disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ischaemic colitis
Angiodysplasia
Irradiation colitis or proctitis
Rectal prolapse
Solitary rectal ulcer
Small bowel
Meckel’s diverticulum
Intussusception
Mesenteric infarction
Aortoenteric fistula
Upper gastrointestinal tract
Massive haemorrhage
Others
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Scalp Lesions
Causes
History
Traumatic
Sebaceous cyst
Neoplastic
Infective
Other
Examination
Traumatic
Sebaceous cyst
Neoplastic
Infective
Other
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Scrotal Pain
Causes
History
Skin
Internal scrotal swellings
Referred pain
Examination
Skin
Internal scrotal swellings
Referred pain
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Scrotal Swellings
Causes
History
Sebaceous cyst
Indirect inguinal hernia
Hydrocele
Epididymal cyst
Epididymo-orchitis
Testicular torsion
Testicular tumour
Varicocele
Haematocele
Sperm granuloma
TB
Gumma
Examination
Sebaceous cyst
Indirect inguinal hernia
Hydrocele
Epididymal cyst
Epididymo-orchitis
Testicular torsion
Testicular tumour
Varicocele
Haematocele
Sperm granuloma
Tuberculosis
Gumma
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Shock
Causes
History
Trauma
Dyspnoea
Chest pain
Precipitating factors
Examination
Inspection
Temperature
Pulse
JVP
Auscultation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Splenomegaly
Causes
History
Infective
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Haemolytic disease
Storage diseases
Deficiency diseases
Splenic vein hypertension
Non-parasitic cysts
Examination
General
Infective
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Haemolytic disease
Storage diseases
Splenic vein hypertension
Non-parasitic cysts
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Steatorrhoea
Causes
History
Abdominal pain
Associated symptoms
Past medical history
Drug history
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Stridor
Causes
History
Onset
Precipitating factors
Associated symptoms
Examination
Inspection
Palpation and auscultation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Sweating Abnormalities
Causes
History
Examination
Temperature
Inspection
Palpation and auscultation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Syncope
Causes
History
Examination
Appearance
Blood pressure
Pulse
Auscultation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Thirst
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Throat Conditions
Causes
History
Infective
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Neurological
Referred pain
Other
Examination
Infective
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Neurological
Referred pain
Others
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Tiredness
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Toe Lesions
Causes
History
Nails
Deformities
Ulcers
Discoloration
Examination
Nails
Deformities
Ulcers
Discoloration
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Tongue Disorders
Causes
History
Furring
Colour change
Swelling
Chronic superficial glossitis
Ulceration
Wasting
Examination
Furring
Colour change
Swelling
Chronic superficial glossitis
Ulceration
Wasting
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Tremor
Causes
History
Examination
Tremor
General
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Urethral Discharge
Causes
History
General
Prostatitis
Non-gonococcal urethritis
Gonorrhoea
Other bacterial
Reiter’s disease
Trauma
Chemical
Neoplastic
Examination
Prostatitis
Non-gonococcal urethritis
Gonorrhoea
Other bacterial
Reiter’s disease
Traumatic
Neoplastic
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Urinary Incontinence
Causes
History
Stress incontinence
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Neurological
Anatomical
Other
Examination
Stress incontinence
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Neurological
Anatomical
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Urinary Retention
Causes
History
Local
General
Examination
Local
General
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Vaginal Discharge
Causes
History
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Visual Problems
Causes
History
Visual disturbances
Blurring of vision
Loss of vision
Examination
Fundoscopy
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Voice Disorders
Causes
History
Onset
Precipitating factors
Past medical history
Associated symptoms
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Vomiting
Causes
History
General
Nature of the vomiting
Time of vomit
Relief of pain by vomiting
Central vomiting
Reflex vomiting
Gastrointestinal
CNS
Psychogenic
Others
Examination
Gastrointestinal
CNS
Psychogenic
Others
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Weight Gain
Causes
History
General
Cushing’s syndrome
Hypothyroidism
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Hypothalamic disease
Cardiac failure
Renal failure
Ascites
Examination
Inspection
Palpation and auscultation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Weight Loss
Causes
History
General
Cardiorespiratory system
Gastrointestinal system
Renal system
Haematological system
Endocrine system
Connective tissue diseases
Examination
Inspection
Palpation and auscultation
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Section B:
Biochemical Presentations
Urea (Blood)
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Hypercalcaemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Hyperglycaemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Hyperkalaemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Hypokalaemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Hypernatraemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Hyponatraemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Hypoglycaemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Hypocalcaemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Hypomagnesaemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Metabolic Acidosis
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Increased anion gap
Metabolic Alkalosis
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Respiratory Acidosis
Causes (Any Cause of Hypoventilation)
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Respiratory Alkalosis
Causes (Any Cause of Hyperventilation)
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Section C:
Haematological Presentations
Anaemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms of anaemia
History of the underlying disorder
Dietary history
Past medical and drug history
Family history
Examination
Specific Investigations
Microcytic anaemia
Normocytic anaemia
Macrocytic anaemia
Clotting Disorders
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Onset and duration
Past medical history
Drug history
Examination
General Investigations
Specific Investigations
Leucocytosis
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Leucopenia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Polycythaemia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Thrombocytopenia
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Thrombocytosis
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z