Chitosan Nanocomposites: Bionanomechanical Applications

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Chitosan: A Smart Biomaterial
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chitin/Chitosan: A Smart Biomaterial
1.2.1 History of Chitin and Chitosan
1.2.2 Sources and Biosynthesis of Chitin
1.2.3 Isolation of Chitin
1.2.4 Conversion of Chitin to Chitosan
1.2.5 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan
1.3 Processibility of Chitosan
1.3.1 Chitosan Flakes and Powders
1.3.2 Chitosan Hydrogel Beads
1.3.3 Chitosan Fibres and Resins
1.3.4 Chitosan Membranes
1.3.5 Chitosan Nanoparticles
1.3.6 Chitosan-Based Composites and Nanocomposites
1.4 Different Applications of Chitosan
1.4.1 Agriculture and Industrial Applications
1.4.2 Wastewater Treatment
1.4.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.4.4 Biomedical Application
1.4.5 Environmental Remediation
1.5 Remark
References
2 Biological and Chemical Aspects of Chitosan
2.1 Background
2.2 The Skeletal Structure of Chitosan
2.3 Chitin Isolation and Chitosan Synthesis
2.4 Valuables of Chitosan
2.4.1 Physical–Chemical Valuables
2.4.2 Technical Valuables
2.4.3 Biomedical Valuables
2.5 Chitosan Modifications: Chitosan Derivatives of Chitosan
2.5.1 Hydrolysis of the Main Chain
2.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
3 A Medico-Biological Approach to Chitosan Bionanocomposites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Unique Biological Properties of Chitosan Employed for Different Biomedical Applications
3.2.1 Non-toxicity
3.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity
3.2.3 Hemocompatibility
3.2.4 Antineoplastic Activity
3.2.5 Mucoadhesivity
3.2.6 Antioxidant Activity
3.2.7 Immunoenhancing Effects
3.2.8 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility
3.3 Synthesis of Chitosan-Based Bionanocomposites
3.3.1 Emulsion Crosslinking
3.3.2 Microemulsion Method
3.3.3 Ionic Gelation
3.3.4 Spray Drying
3.3.5 Precipitation/Flocculation
3.3.6 Solvent Evaporation
3.3.7 Chitosan Solution Coating
3.3.8 Self-Assembly
3.4 Biomedical Applications
3.4.1 Drug Delivery
3.4.2 Anti-Neoplastic Drug Delivery
3.4.3 Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery
3.4.4 Gene Delivery
3.4.5 Antibiotic Delivery
3.4.6 Polyphenol Delivery
3.4.7 Brain Drug Delivery
3.4.8 Vaccine Delivery
3.4.9 Antimicrobial Activities
3.4.10 Wound Dressings
3.4.11 Tissue/Bone Regeneration
3.5 Transpiring Trends and Conclusion
References
4 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composite Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemical Structure, Physical and Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan
4.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan
4.2.2 Antibacterial Properties
4.3 Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composite Preparation
4.3.1 Techniques and Methods of Chitosan Nanocomposites Preparation
4.3.2 Nanofillers of the Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composites
4.4 Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composite Characterization
4.4.1 Microscopy-Based Analysis
4.4.2 Biocompatibility Analysis
4.4.3 Mechanical Characterization
4.4.4 Chemical Structure
4.4.5 Antibacterial Properties
4.5 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Composite
4.5.1 Drug and Bio-Macromolecules Delivery
4.5.2 Wound Healing
4.5.3 Bone Tissue Engineering
4.5.4 Biosensor
4.5.5 Other Biomedical Applications
4.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
5 Functionalized Chitosan and Biomedical Devices
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chitosan and Its Derivatives
5.2.1 Chitosan Derivatives
5.3 Biomedical Tools Based on Chitosan
5.3.1 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Chitosan
5.3.2 Stochastic Sensors Based on Chitosan
5.4 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan
5.4.1 The Potential Uses of Chitosan in Bone Tissue Engineering
5.4.2 Chitosan's Potential Uses in Vascular Tissue Engineering
5.5 Concluding Remark and Future Perspectives
References
6 Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Potential Biomedical Device
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods of ChNPs Fabrication
6.2.1 Reversed Micelles
6.2.2 Emulsification and Crosslinking
6.2.3 SCASA
6.2.4 Spray Drying
6.2.5 Phase Inversion Precipitation
6.2.6 Ionic Gelation with Radical Polymerization
6.2.7 Ionic Gelation
6.2.8 Emulsion—Droplet Coalescence
6.3 Application of ChNPs in Fluorescent Endoscopic Diagnostics
6.4 Use of ChNPs in Medical Dressings
6.5 ChNPs as Components of Sensors Used in Biomedical Engineering
6.5.1 Application of ChNPs in a Glucose Detection Sensor
6.5.2 ChNPs as an Element Used in the Histamine Biosensor
6.6 ChNPs in Bone Tissue Engineering
6.7 ChNPs in Dentistry
6.8 Safety Assessment of ChNPs in Medical Applications
6.9 Conclusions
References
7 Antibacterial Response of Nanostructured Chitosan Hybrid Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanostructured Chitosan Hybrid Materials
7.3 Preparation of Hybrid Chitosan Material
7.3.1 Silver-Chitosan Hybrid
7.3.2 Lipid-Chitosan Hybrid
7.3.3 Poly (Lactic Acid)-Chitosan Hybrid
7.3.4 Gold-Chitosan Hybrid
7.3.5 Silica-Chitosan Hybrid
7.4 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity
7.4.1 Gram-Negative Bacteria
7.4.2 Gram-Positive Bacteria
7.4.3 Antifungal Activity
7.5 Factors Affecting the Action
7.5.1 Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells
7.5.2 pH
7.5.3 Temperature
7.5.4 Molecular Weight
7.6 Applications
7.6.1 Agriculture
7.6.2 Biomedical Fields
7.6.3 Textiles
7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
8 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Efficient Wound Dressing Materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of the CS-Based Nanocomposites
8.2.1 Hydrogel
8.2.2 Cryogel
8.2.3 Membranes and Nanofiber Membranes
8.2.4 Foam
8.2.5 Sponge
8.2.6 Gauze
8.3 Properties of the Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Efficient Wound Dressings
8.3.1 Basic Properties
8.3.2 Advanced Functions
8.4 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Wound Dressings
8.4.1 Treatment of Acute Wound
8.4.2 Treatment of Chronic Wound
8.4.3 Scarless Wound Healing
8.4.4 Wound Monitoring
8.4.5 Personalized Wound Dressings
8.5 Summary
References
9 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials for Treatment of Diabetic Wounds
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fabrication of Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials
9.2.1 Chemical Modification
9.2.2 Coating
9.2.3 Blending
9.2.4 Electrospinning
9.2.5 3D Printing
9.3 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials for Treatment of Diabetic Wounds
9.3.1 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Wound Healing
9.3.2 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Bioactive Materials for Wound Healing
9.3.3 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Metal Nanoparticles for Wound Healing
9.3.4 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Growth Factors for Wound Healing
9.3.5 Chitosan-Based Hybrid Dressing Materials Containing Cells for Enhanced Wound Healing
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 Nanostructured Chitosan Hybrid Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Chitosan Structure
10.3 Chitosan Nanostructure Properties
10.3.1 Antimicrobial Activity
10.3.2 Antioxidant Activity
10.3.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity
10.3.4 Anticancer Activity
10.4 Chitosan Nanostructure
10.4.1 Nanofilm
10.4.2 Nanoparticle
10.4.3 Nanofiber
10.4.4 Nanogel
10.5 Tissue Engineering Application
10.5.1 Skin Tissue Engineering
10.5.2 Bone Tissue Engineering
10.5.3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
10.5.4 Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
10.5.5 Neural Tissue Engineering
10.5.6 Corneal Tissue Engineering
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Chitosan Nanocomposites for Biosensing Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biosensors
11.2.1 Classification of Biosensors: Classification of Biosensors by Biocomponent
11.2.2 Enzyme Biosensors
11.2.3 Microbial Biosensor
11.2.4 Nucleic Acid Biosensors
11.2.5 Immunosensors
11.2.6 Electrochemical Biosensors
11.2.7 Amperometric Biosensors
11.2.8 Potentiometric Biosensors
11.2.9 Conductometric Biosensors
11.2.10 Optical Biosensors
11.2.11 Piezoelectric Biosensors
11.2.12 Calorimetric Biosensors
11.2.13 Chitosan Nanocomposite Biosensors
11.3 Nanocomposites
11.3.1 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposite
11.3.2 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites
11.3.3 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
11.4 Chitosan & its Structure
11.5 Chitosan Nanocomposite Biosensor Applications
11.6 Chitosan Nanocomposites Used for Sensing Different Biomolecules
11.7 Liquid Crystal-Chitosan Biosensors
11.8 Conclusion
References
12 Chitosan Based Hybrid Polymeric Systems in Diabetes Monitoring
12.1 Diabetes
12.1.1 Type-One Diabetes Mellitus
12.1.2 Type-Two Diabetes Mellitus
12.1.3 Type-Three Diabetes
12.1.4 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
12.2 Treatments for Diabetes
12.2.1 Allopathic Drugs
12.2.2 Plant Extracts
12.2.3 Nanoparticles
12.3 Chitosan
12.3.1 Chitosan Nanoparticles
12.3.2 Chitosan Polymers
References
13 Application of Chitosan Nanostructures Embedded Composite Materials in Cancer Therapy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Chitosan Nanostructures Embedded Composite Materials
13.3 Application of Chitosan in Biomedicine
13.4 Chitosan Nanostructures Embedded Composite Materials in Cancer Therapy
13.4.1 Drug Formulation
13.4.2 Drug Delivery System
13.4.3 Tissue Engineering
13.4.4 Photothermal Therapy
13.4.5 Theranostics
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Chitosan-Based Nano Biomaterials and Their Applications in Dentistry
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Characterization
14.3 Application of Different Types of CS-Based Nano Biomaterials for Dentistry
14.3.1 Chitosan/Polymer Nano Biomaterials
14.3.2 Chitosan/Metal Nano Biomaterials
14.3.3 Chitosan/Metal Oxides Nano Biomaterials
14.3.4 Chitosan/Organic Molecules Nano Biomaterials
14.3.5 Chitosan/Inorganic Adducts Nano Biomaterials
14.3.6 Chitosan/Ceramics/Glass Nano Biomaterials
14.3.7 Chitosan Mixed Nano Biomaterials
14.4 Current and Future Prospects of Chitosan-Based Nano Biomaterials in Dentistry
14.5 Concluding Remark
References
15 Investigation of Chitosan/Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites as a New Strategy for Enhanced Anti-Biofilm Efficacy with Reduced Toxicity
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Chitosan
15.3 Importance of Chitosan
15.4 Mechanism of Chitosan in Drug Delivery Approach
15.5 Target Site Drug Delivery
15.6 Biofilm
15.7 Mechanism of Biofilm
15.8 Effect of Chitosan on Biofilm Formation
15.9 Mechanism of Chitosan on Bacterial Biofilm
15.9.1 Chitosan/Metal/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites on Biofilm Formation
15.9.2 Chitosan Diminishes the Toxicity Level in Nanoparticles
15.9.3 Toxicity Potential of Nanodrug Carriers
15.9.4 Conclusion
References
16 Chitosan Nanocomposites as Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration
16.1 Introduction
16.2 BTE Scaffolds
16.3 Bone Repair Strategies
16.3.1 Traditional Bone Tissue Engineering
16.3.2 Facilitated Endogenous Bone Tissue Engineering (FEBTE)
16.4 Structure and Properties of Chitosan
16.4.1 Physicochemical Properties
16.4.2 Biological Properties
16.5 Fabrication of Chitosan-Based Scaffolds
16.5.1 3D-Printing/Rapid Prototyping
16.5.2 Electrospinning
16.5.3 Particulate Leaching
16.5.4 Phase Separation and Lyophilization/Freeze-Drying
16.6 Mechanism of Drug Release from Chitosan-Based Scaffolds
16.7 Chitosan Based Scaffolds as Drug Delivery Systems
16.8 Cytotoxicity Assessments on Chitosan Based Scaffolds
16.9 Conclusion
References
17 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Chitosan Nanocomposites for Bionanomechanical Applications
17.1 Challenges in Chitosan Nanocomposite
17.2 Future Perspectives
17.2.1 Chitosan Nanocomposites as Future Smart Materials
17.2.2 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Biological Materials
17.2.3 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Antibacterial Materials
17.2.4 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Drug Delivery Vehicles
17.2.5 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Wound Dressing Materials
17.2.6 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
17.2.7 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Future Materials for Biosensing
17.2.8 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Smart Cancer Therapeutic Materials
17.2.9 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Future Materials for Dentistry
17.2.10 Perspectives for Chitosan Nanocomposites as Nanomedicine
17.3 Outlook and Remark
Index