Cover
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents
List of Figures, Maps and Plates
Figure 1. Geology of Chios. Source: British Naval Intelligence Division, Greece, 1944-1945.
Figure 2. Streams and drainage. Source: British Naval Intelligence Division , Greece, 1944-1945.
Figure 3. Relief map of Chios. Source: British Naval Intelligence Division, Greece, 1944-1945.
Figure 4. The island’s main communication lines. Source: British Naval Intelligence Division, Greece, 1944-1945.
Figure 5. Drawing of the fortified settlement of Volissos by Francesco Lupazzolo, resident of Chios (17th century). Breve discorso et Ipografia Dell’ Isole del’ Arcipelago Composto da Francesco Lupazzolo, 1632. Korais Public Library of Chios, MSS no 73497
Figure 6. The Treaty of Nymphaeum, signed in 13 March 1261. Source: Genova, Tesori d’ Archivio (exhibition catalogue edited by Giustina Olgiati, Genova 2016). Courtesy of Archivio di Stato di Genova.
Figure 7. The treaty of 12 October 1155 signed between the Byzantine emperor Manuel Komnenos and the Commune of Genoa. Source : ‘Tutti i genovesi del mondo: La grande espansione commerciale (secoli XI-XVI)’ , edited by Giustina Olgiati, Genova 2015. Court
Figure 8. Lead seal of a kommerkiarios of Lesbos, Chios and Asia Minor. Source: www.doaks.org
Figure 9. The three stages of the mastic production.
Figure 10. Lead seal of {Vol}isos ? Source: www.doaks.org
Figure 11. Silver gigliato struck in the mint of Chios. Source: www.numisbids.com
Figure 12. (a) The earliest depiction of the Giustiniani coinage struck in the mint of Chios was hand-drawn in the 16th century by Hieronimo Giustiniani, member of the Maona, in his unpublished manuscript, La descrittione et historia dell’ isola di Scio o
Figure 13. (a) The citrus tree was first introduced on the island by the Genoese masters. Until our days the product remains one of the trademarks of Chios. (b) Typical citrus orchard at the Kampos of Chios
Figure 14. Fifteenth-century Genoese costumes. Source: Ph.P. Argenti, The Costumes of Chios, London 1953.
Figure 15. The Codex Berianus Chiensis, the fifteenth-century invaluable cartulary incorporating all the documentation on the political and economic history of Chios under the Mahona of the Giustiniani.
[a] Fol. 22: The accord between the Genoese and the Master (Captain) of the Castle of Chios, Kaloyanni Zyvos (Civo or Cibo) stipulating the concession of the island to the admiral Simone Vignoso. [© Biblioteca Civica Berio, Genoa.
Figure 15. The Codex Berianus Chiensis, the fifteenth-century invaluable cartulary incorporating all the documentation on the political and economic history of Chios under the Mahona of the Giustiniani.
[b] Fol. 36: The first convention between the admiral Simone Vignoso and the Commune of Genoa signed on 27 February 1347. © Biblioteca Civica Berio, Genoa.
Figure 16. The Golden Bible of the Genoese Nobility (ed. A. Scorza, 1920). Among the family arms showcased are those of Kaloyanni Cibo, Master of the Castle of Chios.
Figure 17. Saddle maker from Volissos. © Central Public Library of Chios ‘Ad. Korais’.
Map I. East Aegean. Source: Google maps.
Map II. J. Koder (1998). Source: J. Koder, Tabula Imperii Bizantini, 10, Aigaion Pelagos (1998).
Map III. Administrative division of Genoese Chios (1346-1566). Source: Ph. P. Argenti (1958).
Map IV. Map of NW Chios, Mount Amani (2006). Source: Google maps.
Map V. Hiking map showing the route of the medieval road Siderounda-Retsinadika. © Manolis Roxanas and Giannis Misetzis.
Map VI. Map showing the medieval trail from Volissos to Panayia at Loutra along the River Malangiotis. Source: public domain.
Plate 1a. Satellite view of the wider area of Volissos. Source: Google Earth.
Plate 1b. Aerial view of Volissos. Source: public domain.
Plate 2a-b-c. The medieval trail leading from Chios port town (Chora) to the settlements of Mount Amani. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 3a. Panoramic view of the settlement of Volissos. In the background Mount Pelinnaion.
Plate 3b. Volissos. View from the south.
Plate 3c. The castle hill seen from the NW.
Plate 4a. Panoramic view of the Managros bay and the plain of Volissos. In the background the southwest part of Chios.
Plate 4b. The plain of Volissos.
Plate 4c. The small port of Limnia and Lefkathia bay on the left.
Plate 5a. The settlement of Volissos. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 5b-c. The castle seen from the Pythonas neighbourhood in the lower town.
Plate 5d. The castle seen from the west.
Plate 6a-b. The entrance gate of the castle was probably the only gateway. View from the east.
Plate 6c. The eastern wall and the periteichisma.
Plate 7a-b-c. The debris of the collapsed keep blocked the entrance gate.
Plate 8a. The eastern wall of the castle and the collapsed keep. View to the east.
Plate 8b. The fallen keep, view to the south.
Plate 8c. The fallen keep, view to the north.
Plate 9a-b. Eastern tower and wall.
Plate 9c. South wall and Eastern tower.
Plate 9d. The south wall. View to the west.
10c-d. The Southern tower.
10e. The southern corner of the castle.
Plate 10a-b. The Southern tower and the SE wall.
Plate 11a-b-c-d. Two different construction phases of the circuit wall.
Plate 12a-b. The SW tower.
Plate 12c. The western part of the curtain wall. Irregular use of tiles in the outer façade of the masonry.
Plate 12d. The Western tower and the curtain resting on the bedrock.
Plate 13a-b. Western curtain wall: detail of the masonry, which rests directly on the bedrock. Irregular use of tiles in the outer façade.
Plate 13c. Detail of the foundation of the NW curtain wall and the scarp (cordon). In the background the Western tower.
Plate 14a. The western part of the castle: the Western and South-western towers View to the south.
Plate 14c. The Southern tower.
Plate 14d. Detail of the scarp of the South-western tower.
Plate 15a-b. The North-western tower. View to the west.
Plate 15c. The western curtain wall seen from the interior of the castle. View to the west.
Plate 15d. The NW tower. View to the NW, to Pyrama (far right) and Parparia (far left).
Plate 16a-b. The exterior façade of the NW tower.
Plate 16c. The embrasure of the NW tower.
Plate 17a-b. Details of the masonry of the NW tower.
Plate 17c. The northern periteichisma.
Plate 17d. The northern curtain wall.
Plate 18a-b. The northern curtain wall.
Plate 18c. The surviving part of the northern proteichisma and the northern curtain wall. On the left, the NW tower.
Plate 19a. Part of a construction which could potentially be the remnants of the Northern tower.
Plate 19b-c. The northern curtain wall.
Plate 19d. The northern periteichisma.
Plate 20a-b. The eastern periteichisma.
Plate 20d. Rectangular building within the castle. View to the W.
Plate 21a. The NE tower and the eastern curtain wall.
Plate 21b. Detail of the NE tower. View from north.
Plate 22a-b-c. From the Lower to the Middle town (Mesochori): the main and the postern gateways.
Plate 23a-b. Interior of the main gate to the Middle town (Mesochori).
Plate 23c-d. Detail of the gate’s ceiling.
Plate 24a. The main and postern gates of the Middle town. View to the lower town.
Plate 24c. Interior of the main gate.
Plate 24d. Another postern gate.
Plate 25a-b-c. Aspects of the Lower town.
Plate 25d. Tower of the Lower town’s curtain wall transformed into a house.
Plate 26a-b-c. Lower town: the marble pole and the stone door jamb of the settlement’s Iron Gate (Sideroporta), the main entrance of the settlement.
Plate 27. Parts of the medieval street system of Volissos.
Plate 28. Aspects of the old sector of Volissos.
Plate 29a-b. Aspects of the old sector.
Plate 29c. The shrine of Taxiarches Mesochoritis at Mesochora (middle town of Volissos). © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 29d. The shrine of Saint George Vassilis at Mesochora (middle town of Volissos). © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 29e. The Pyrgos neighbourhood. In the background the church of Saint George of Pyrgos. © G. Loukakis.
Plate 30a. The settlement of Anavatos. View from the Koukoudotsoumbos peak. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 30b. Anavatos. © Chios Vertical Life.
Plate 30c. The settlement of Anavatos. View from the Koukoudotsoumbos peak. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 30d. Anavatos. © Chios Vertical Life.
Plate 31c. The three-storied Triorofo building on Anavatos.
Plate 31d. Aspect of the Middle acropolis (Mesochori) of Anavatos and the narrow road leading to the upper citadel.
Plate 32a. Aerial view of Pyrama. Source: Google Earth.
Plate 32b-c. The settlement of Pyrama. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 32d. The settlement of Pyrama in the early twentieth century. Source: Public domain.
Plate 33a. The defensive tower of Pyrama dates from the early sixteenth century.
Plate 33b,c. The defensive tower of Pyrama is founded on the bedrock.
Plate 34a. The settlement of Parparia. Source: public domain.
Plate 34b. Parparia seen from the NW. The remnants of the medieval defensive circuit wall are visible in the foreground. In the background to the left, Volissos bay and the castle hill.
Plate 34e. Parparia, the medieval narrow street immediately past the circuit wall. Western view.
Plate 35a. The medieval trail “Ridge Angelos-ridge Amythounda”. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 35b. The medieval trail of Makellos leading to Amythounda. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 36a. The stream of Amythounda. View from the peak Oros. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 36b-c-d. Canals at Amythounda. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 37a-b. Loci at Amythous: threshing floor, remnants of huts. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 37c. The landscape along the medieval trail Fyta-Amythous.© Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 38a-b-c. The site Zartoulida, potential location of the fortified settlement of Angelos (Castel Sant’Angelo). © Michalis Kariamis.
Plate 39a. The shrine (naydrion) of Saint George at Angelos. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 39b. Another shrine of Saint George at Angelos, off the settlement of Fyta. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 39c. The metochi of Constantios Phytousis at Zartoulida. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 39d. Saint Nicolaos at the stream Koufos. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 40a. The hamlet Ta Markou seen from the modern asphalt road. In the background, Mount Pelinnaion. © Adam Mylonas.
Plate 40b. A closer view of Ta Markou. On the slope of the opposite hill the medieval terraces for cultivation are visible. © Adam Mylonas.
Plate 40c. Approaching the hamlet Ta Markou.
Plate 41a. The tower keep of Ta Markou is founded on the bedrock. South-western side
Plate 41b. Eastern side.
Plate 41c. Northern side.
Plate 41d. Embrasure. © Adam Mylonas.
Plate 41e. Apsidal doorway leading to the second chamber of the tower keep.
Plate 42a. The first chamber of the tower keep. The main part of the barrel vault has collapsed, the spring is still visible. © Adam Mylonas.
Plate 42b. The same chamber from above: the spring of the vault. © Steve Stephanides.
Plate 42c. The second chamber of the tower keep Ta Markou. The barrel vaulted roof survives intact. © Steve Stephanides.
Plate 42d. Detail of the barrel vault at Ta Markou.
Plate 43a. Ta Markou, view from the west.
Plate 43b. Another view of the main chamber of the tower.
Plate 43c. Part of the hamlet.
Plate 44a-b-c. Aspects of the hamlet Ta Markou.
Plate 45a. The medieval trail Aria – Sellada. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 45b. The stream of Aria. © Chios Vertical Life.
Plate 45c. Aria, part of the settlement. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 46a. Another view of the settlement at Aria. © Chios Vertical Life.
Plate 46b-c. Wells at Aria. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 47. The tower at Ta Markou and part of the deserted settlement.
Plate 47c. Interior of the water mill at Loutra: two millstones in situ. Source: www.kanaristours.gr.
Plate 47e. Stone terrace at Loutra founded partly on the bedrock. Source: public domain.
Plate 48a. The River Malangiotis. © Kostas Dontas (www.lydialithoshouses.gr).
Plate 48b. The mouth of the River Malangiotis. Source: www.aplotaria.gr.
Plate 48d. Avifauna (calidrisalpina, dunlin) at the River Malangiotis. © Dimitris Doulis (https://blogs.sch.gr/dntoulis/2015/12/07/).
Plate 49a. Approaching Vassilika.
Plate 49b. Vassilika. Source: public domain.
Plate 49c-d. The medieval tower at Vassilika.
Plate 50a. Vassilika: the north-western side of the tower.
Plate 50b. The southern side of the tower: entrance.
Plate 50d. Detail of the masonry of the tower.
Plate 51a-b. Vassilika: the barrel vault of the lower storey of the tower.
Plate 51c-d. The upper storey of the tower at Vassilika was also roofed by a barrel vault, of which only the spring survives today. Cribwork was used in the masonry as is visible in the drum of the barrel.
Plate 52c-d. The stream of Varvatho / Aghia Markella is dry during summer and is used by locals and tourists as a dirt road – shortcut towards the seaside.
Plate 52a. Varvathos or Aghia Markella. In the foreground the monastery of Saint Markella, patron of the island, and the bay. In the background the plain of Varvathos traversed by the stream of Aghia Markella. View to the NE. Source: publi
Plate 52b. The plain of Varvathos (Aghia Markella). In the distant background, the settlement Parparia.
Plate 53a-b-c-d. Varvathos: remnants of houses of the medieval settlement Saint Panteleimon named after the shrine: lime mortar masonry with local stones.
Plate 54a-b-c. The shrine of Saint Panteleimon in the plain of Varvathos. Modern refurbishments and whitewashing take place regularly by faithful locals, thus altering irreversibly the original masonry.
Plate 54d. The medieval settlement of Saint Panteleimon” at Varvathos. A well.
Plate 55a. Aerial view of the hamlet Katavasis. Source: Google.
Plate 55b. Katavasis. In the background Mount Pelinnaion. Source: public domain. © K. Anagnostou.
Plate 55c. The hamlet Katavasis. Source: www.discoverchios.gr
Plate 55d. The church of Aghia Matrona, patron saint of north-western Chios. Katavasis was the saint’s birth place. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 56a. The coastline of Siderounda and Volissos, view to the west, to Psara islet. On the right, the settlement of Siderounda and the Managros bay. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 56b. Aerial view of Siderounda. Source: Public domain.
Plate 56c. Panoramic view of Siderounda. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 57. Siderounda: the entrance gate to the settlement. (a) view to the settlement, (b) view to the coast, (c) postern gate. Source: www.dpgr.gr/usergalleries.
Plate 57d. The settlement’s church is dedicated to Saint George. Source: public domain.
Plate 58a. Saint George of Siderounda, view to the west. Source: public domain.
Plate 58b. The defensive tower keep houses the Folklore Museum of Siderounda. Source: www.dpgr.gr/usergalleries.
Plate 58c-d. Siderounda, details. Source: public domain.
Plate 59a-b. Land watch tower situated off the settlement Melanios on the NW. It was later reused as a windmill. © Adam Mylonas.
Plate 59c-d. Coastal watch tower situated off Aghion Galas, on the NW. It still retains the mechanism after its transformation and reuse as a windmill. © Adam Mylonas.
Plate 59e. The watch tower at Siderounda situated at the entrance to the settlement. Source: www.dpgr.gr/usergalleries.
Plate 60a. The land vigla at Parparia at the site Viglia. In the foreground a threshing floor built with field stones after the transformation of the vigla as a windmill. Source: public domain.
Plate 60b. Detail of the vigla’s entrance.
Plate 60c. From the guard’s point of view: lookout to the Aegean from the top of the vigla at Parparia.
Plate 61a. Three land viglas (the third is not visible) in the wider area of Volissos on the axis of the castle. They supervised and commanded the bay of Volissos and the port of Limnia. View to Mount Pelinnaion.
Plate 61b. Vigla A.
Plate 61c-d. Vigla C, and detail of the masonry and the entrance.
Plate 62a. Vigla B, exterior façade: the threshold of each watch tower is a wide, flat monolithic rock placed half a metre above the ground.
Plate 62b. Vigla B, the entrance seen from the interior. The thickness of the wall is more than one metre.
Plate 62c. Vigla A. The stone staircase leading to the upper chamber/roof.
Plate 62d. Optical telegraphy: the orientation of the watch towers of Volissos are in direct axis with the fortified town.
Plate 63a. The rural shrine of Taxiarches Kipoussis dedicated to the Archangel Michael. Remnants of a tower and other buildings. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 63b-e. Details of the buildings at Taxiarches Kipoussis.
Plate 64a. The rural shrine of the Transfiguration (Metamorphosis) of Christ in the plain of Volissos. Source: public domain.
Plate 64b. Transfiguration of Christ view to the west. The dedicatory inscription above the lintel mentions a refurbishment in 27 March 1971.
Plate 64c. Detail of the masonry. A few ancient spolia are incorporated in the masonry.
Plate 65a. The rural shrine of Taxiarches of the Managros. Remains of a medieval building to the west. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 65b-c-d. The hamlet at Prasteia off Siderounda: the rural shrine of Saint Panteleimon and other buildings. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 66a. Prasteia, a medieval hamlet. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 66b. The rural shrine of Saint George at Prasteia, off Siderounda.
Plate 66c. The rural shrine of Ypapanti, at the site Metochi off Siderounda. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 66d. The rural shrine of Saint John the Forerunner at the site Gerita, off Siderounda. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 67a. The rural shrine of Saint Barbara at the site Pretorion off Volissos. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 67b-c. The rural shrine of Saint George at the site Livadhies and remains of a tower. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 68a. The rural shrine of Panayia Koilane off Parparia - View from the mule track.
Plate 68b. The rural shrine of Panayia Koilane off Parparia - View to the NE.
Plate 68d. The rural shrine of Panayia Koilane off Parparia - Detail of the conch above the lintel, bearing a now lost inscription with the date of a refurbishment.
Plate 68e. The rural shrine of Panayia Koilane off Parparia - Detail of the masonry.
Plate 69a-b. The rural shrine of Asomatos dedicated to the Archangel Michael, in the wider area of Parparia. © Nikos Psyllis.
Plate 69c-d. The rural shrine of Saint John the Forerunner in the wider area of Pyrama. © Giannis Misetzis.
Plate 70a-b. Threshing floor at Lemnos (a) and Parparia (b).
Plate 70c. Typical peasant house encountered on Mount Amani: External staircase, balcony, ground floor for the keeping of domestic animals and an upper storey for the family. Parparia, Kastron area.
Plate 70d-e. A tree trunk placed in a longitudinal axis supports the ceiling of the ground floor and the floor of the upper storey. Volissos, Kastron area.
Plate 70g. Detail of the masonry of an external staircase at Volissos.
Plate 71a. Fireplace. Parparia.
Plate 71b. Storage jar. Volissos.
Plate 71g. Public well on the road to the coast of Volissos.
Plate 72a, b, c. Clay pithoi for storing liquids. Volissos.
Plate 72d. Oven at Volissos.
Plate 72f. An imposing well at the site Skariotis in the plain of Volissos.
Plate 72g. Millstone at Siderounda. Source: public domain.
Plate 73a. Hypericum perfoliatum - agodera.
Plate 73c. Ballota acetabulosa – Greek horehound.
Plate 73f. Sarcopoterium spinosum.
Plate 73g. Critamum maritimum.
Plate 73h. Pancratium maritimum.
Plate 74a. Terraces in Parparia.
Plate 74c. Verbascum Thapsus – common mullein.
Plate 74e. Olea europaea – olive tree.
Plate 74g. Spartium junceum.
Plate 75a. Mount Amani. View to the west.
Plate 75b. The geological formations of Mounts Amani (foreground) and Pelinnaion in the background.
Plate 75c. Another view of Mount Amani.
Plate 75d. The settlements Pyrama and Parparia seen from the castle of Volissos.
Plate 76a. Panoramic view of the coastline in the area of Siderounda.
Plate 76b. Panoramic view of the wider area of Volissos from the bay of Managros.
Plate 76c. The abandoned hamlet Ayios Ioannes on the right and Ayio Galas in the background.
Plate 76d. The hamlet Trypes seen from Ayios Isidoros (Zanakounda) bay.
Plate 1a. Chios town, Kammenos Pyrgos: the Giustiniani arms.
Plate 1b. Castle of Chios, “inner tower B”: the Giustiniani arms.
Plate 2a. Castle of Chios, ‘inner tower’: the Giustiniani arms.
Plate 2b. Castle of Chios, bastion ‘Zeno’: the Giustiniani arms.
Plate 3a.Themiana, Saint George Hatziloukis.
Plate 3b. Kampos, Simos estate: tondo with the Giustiniani arms.
Plate 4a. Chalkios, church of the Dormition of Virgin, doorway.
Plate 4b. Chalkios, detail of the lintel showing the Entry to Jerusalem.
Plate 4d: Madonna and child, detail of the inscription.
Plate 5a,b: Chios, funerary church of Saint John the Baptist: the Annunciation.
Plate 6a: Chios, Kampos, Monioudes estate: carving with putti.
Plate 6b: Byzantine Museum of Chios, the Lercari arms.
Plate 7a: Kampos, Argenti estate, the Argenti arms.
Plate 7b: Kampos, Schilizzi-Palios estate, the Schilizzi family arms.
Plate 8a: Kampos, Sechiari’s Casino: the Sechiari family arms.
Plate 8b: Athens, the family arms of Petrocochino – Amartolo.
Plate 9a: Byzantine Museum of Chios, the Scaramanga family arms.
Plate 9b: London, cemetery of West Norwood: the Scaramanga arms in the family’s funerary monument.
Plate 10a: Panayia Leiapyrgousaina.
Plate 10b: Chios, Chapel of St Nicolas Vouro. The Vouro family arms.
Plate 11a: Chios, inscription on the refectory of Nea Moni.
Plate 11b: Pyrgi, Church of the Dormition of Virgin, bell tower.
Plate 12b: Kampos, Talaros: the Chryssoveloni family arms.
Plate12a: Byzantine Museum of Chios: the Sgouta family arms.
Plate 13a: Kampos, Sgouta estate. The Sgouta family arms.
Plate 13b: Kampos, Lykiardopoulou-Karali estate. The Carali (Coralli) family arms.
Plate 14a: Kampos, Carving of Saint John the Baptist ‘T’ Ameri’.
Plate 14b: Saint John the Baptist ‘T’ Ameri’, detail of the inscription.
Plate 15a: Chios town, Church of Panayia Evreti.
Plate 15b: Saint George Ghiazou.
Plate 16a. Relief of the Mavrogordato-Vitella family. Kampos.
Plate 16b. Relief of Saint Diomedes. Varvassi, Kampos.
Plate 17a: Athens, Central Cemetery: the Kappari funerary monument.
Plate 17b: Detail of the Kappari family arms.
Plate 17c: Kampos, Talaros, Chapel of Saint Polykarpos.
Plate 18a: National Historical Museum of Athens, carving of the Petrocochino once decorating the family estate at Kampos.
Plate 18b: Kampos: Sevasti Ralli’s estate.
Plate 18c: Kampos: carving of Sergio Galati.
Plate 19a: Kampos, Galati-Phakas estate: Saint John Phakas.
Plate 19b: Themiana, Maroulou.
Plate 20a: Saint George Sykousis, church of Saint George.
Plate 20b: Kampos, Sechiari estate.The Sechiari family arms.
Plate 21a: Athens, Central Cemetery: funerary monument of the Petrocochino family.
Plate 21b: Detail of the Petrocochino family arms.
Plate 21d: Detail of the Mavrogordato family arms.
Plate 22a: Volissos, Inscription in the church of Saint Barbara.
Plate 22b: Mesta, inscription.
Plate22c: Chios, chapel of Saints Constantine and Helen. Carving of the guild of Tobbaconists.
Plate 23a: Kampos, Chalkoussi estate.
Plate 23b: Kampos, Talaros, chapel of Saint Polykarpos.
Plate 24a: Kampos, Petrocochino estate, Katsaros or Nymphaki branch.
Plate 24b: Saint George Sykousis, church of Saint Panteleimon.
Plate 25a: Chalkios, Sechiari or Schilizzi arms.
Plate 25b: Korais Public Library of Chios: the barber’s carving.
Plate 26a: Chios, Vlastou street.
Plate 26b: Chios, Engremos, Marie-Noel Bacha estate.
Plate 27a: Mesta, Church of Taxiarches, bell tower.
Plate 27b: Pyrgi, the dubbed ‘House of Colombus’.
Plate 28a: Chios, Ermofandou Street.
Plate 28b: Chios, Rizari, chapel of Taxiarches (Saint Michael) Petrocochino.
Plate 29a: Mesta, church of the Taxiarches.
Plate 29b: Mesta, detail of the inscription.
Plate 30a: Kampos, former Paspati tower (Kardasilari).
Plate 30c: Volissos, the Konaki.
Plate 31a: Kalamoti.
Plate 31b: Parparia. Church of Saint John Theologos.
Plate 32a: Kalamoti, church of the Dormition of Virgin.
Plate 32b: Kalamoti, detail of the Dormition.
Plate 32c: Kalamoti, church of Eisodia (Presentation of Mary).
Plate 33a: Anavatos, Church of Taxiarches (Saint Michael).
Plate 33b. The doorway of the Church of Saint Paraskevi. Zyfias.
Plate 34a: Volissos, church of Saint Michael.
Plate 34b: Kampos, Varvasi, Church of Saint Lucas.
Plate 35a: Avgonyma, church of Saint George.
Plate 35b: Chios, Aplotaria, the carving of Psaroudis.
Plate 36a: Chios, Argenti and Venizelou Street.
Plate 36b: Langada, the ‘Two Brothers’.
Plate 37a: Chios, Tambakika, Kalouta street.
Plate 37b: Themiana, church of Saint Eustratios, north façade.
Plate 38a: Themiana, church of Saint Eustratios, western façade.
Plate 38b: Themiana, church of Saint Eustratios, western façade.
Plate 39a: Kampos, church of Panayia Kokorovilia.
Plate 39b: Volissos, Pythonas, church of the Dormition of Virgin.
Plate 39c: Volissos, Pythonas, detail of the inscription.
Plate 40a: Chios, Aplotaria.
Plate 40b: Volissos, church of Saint George.
Plate 41a: Saint George Sykousis, church of Saint George.
Plate 41b: Kampos, Argenti estate, Saint Andrew Argenti.
Plate 42a: Langada, the carving of Hercules.
Plate 42b: Chios, Pipinou Street.
Plate 43a: Kampos, church of Panayia Farkaina.
Plate 43c: Vrondados, Tsiropinadika.
Plate 43d: Zyfias.
Plate 44a: Vessa.
Plate 44b: Vessa.
Plate 44c: Vessa.
Plate 45a: Olympoi.
Plate 45b: Vessa.
Plate 45c: Kampos, Antoine Tetteris estate.
Plate 46a: Katarraktis, Saint John Argenti.
Plate 46b: Chios, Metropolitou Platonos street.
Plate 46c: Chios, Dorotheou Proiou street.
Plate 47a: Chios, Psychari and Venizelou street.
Plate 47c: Church of Saint Theodosios Schilizzi.
Plate 47d: Chios town. Carving at Venizelou street.
Plate 48a: Inscription at Mesta.
Plate 48c: Chios town: Inscription at 8 Engremou street.
Plate 49a: Vounaki square, Chios: Inscription of Z. Dromokaiti-Paphila.
Plate 49b: Vounaki square, Chios: The Schilizzi inscription.
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Introduction
PART A. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF MOUNT AMANI
The Geographical Region
Why North Chios?
Past Historiography
From the end of the 19th to the 20th century: Systematic scholarly work.
The first pioneers: historical research in the second half of the 19th century.
The history of archaeological exploration on Chios
The Anavatos Project
Assessment
Aims
Methodology
The problems
Methods
Time span and focus
Primary Sources
Provincial administration: the testimony of the lead sealsFigs 8, 10.
I. The geographical and administrative unit of the Nesoi: Seals of the Nesoi
II. Geographical – administrative unit of the Aigaion Pelagos: Seals of the Aigaion Pelagos
Geographical definition of the insular complexes
III. Chios
What do the sources reveal about the status of Chios?
Chios: Capital of the theme of Aigaion Pelagos or a theme in its own right?
The seals of the kommerkiarioi
PART B. HERALDRY AND VERNACULAR SCULPTURE
PART A. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF MOUNT AMANI
The Archaeology and Topography of Mount Amani
1.1. Physical Geography (Map I, fig. 1)
1.1.2. Climate
1.1.3. Drainage (figs. 2-3)
1.1.4. Vegetation
1.2 Upland Chios: Settlements and Sites
1.2.1. Volissos
1.2.1.1. Topography
1.2.1.2. History
1.2.1.3. Description of the Castle
1.2.1.4. Masonry
1.2.1.5. Towers
1.2.1.6. Buildings within the walls
1.2.1.7. Dating
1.2.1.8. Village Fortifications
1.2.2. Pyrama
1.2.2.1. Description of the tower
1.2.4. Angelos (Castel Sant’Angelo, Sanctus Angelus)
1.2.4.1. Travellers’ accounts
1.2.3. Parparia
1.2.5. Ta Markou
1.2.6. Aria (Arious, Ariousia)
1.2.7. Panaghia at Loutra (= Virgin Mary at the Baths)
1.2.8. Vasilika
1.2.9. Aghios Panteleimon - Varvarithos (Pl. 6)
1.2.10. Varnariti (?)
1.2.11. Katavasis (Pl. 64)
1.2.12. Siderounta )
1.3. The Local Warning System (Plates 59-62)
1.3.1. Architecture of the coastal signal forts
1.3.2. Lines of communication (Fig. 4)
1.4. Discussion
1.4.1. Castles of the seventh to eighth centuries
1.4.2. Mount Amani and Volissos
1.4.3. Defence
1.5. The Rural Space: Peasant Architecture and Material Culture
1.5.1. Peasant Architecture
1.5.1.1. Definition of the problem
1.5.1.2. The northern Chiot village: general features
1.5.1.3. Position of the village
1.5.1.4. House plans
1.5.1.5. Other loci
1.5.1.6. Towers
1.5.1.7. Water mills
1.5.1.8. Naydria or Exokklesia (rural churches)
1.5.1.9. Volissos
1.5.1.10. Siderounta
1.5.1.11. Parparia
1.5.1.12. Pyrama
1.5.2. Discussion
1.5.2.1. Organisation of the settlements
1.5.3. Material Culture
Society and Economy
2.1. The Chiot Social Pyramid
2.1.1. Aristocracy
2.1.1.1. Lay Archontes
2.1.1.2. Ecclesiastical dynatoi - magnates
2.1.2. Jews: subjects of residential segregation and special taxation
2.1.2.1. Conclusion
2.1.3. Middle & lower classes: Peasants and paroikoi
2.1.3.1. Middle class
2.1.3.2. Dependent Peasants
2.1.3.3. Conclusion
2.2. Historical Topograpghy: Mosastic Holdings and Lay Estates
2.2.1. Nea Moni
2.2.2. Lay estates
2.2.3. Epilogue
2.3. Prosopography
2.4. Economy
2.4.1. Preface: Great estates and dependant peasants
2.4.2. The villages, fiscal units
2.4.2.1. Definition of a village
2.4.2.2. Origins
2.4.3. Agriculture
2.4.3.1. Rural Economy: Products of Chios
2.4.3.2. Mastic (fig. 11)
2.4.3.3. Grapes
2.4.3.4. Cereals
2.4.3.5. Arboriculture
2.4.3.6. Almonds
2.4.3.10. Carobs
2.4.3.11. Mulberry
2.4.3.7. Olive trees
2.4.3.8. Citrus
2.4.3.9. Figs
2.4.3.12. Silk
2.4.4. Industrial Products and Artisanal Production
2.4.4.1. Industrial crops
2.4.4.2. Cotton
2.4.4.3. Cloth industry and trade
2.4.4.4. Alum
2.4.4.5. Marble
2.4.4.6. Salt
2.4.4.7. Pitch
2.4.4.8. Fishes
2.4.5. Land Use
2.4.5.1. Incultum
2.4.5.2. Forest products
2.4.5.3. Arts and crafts
2.4.6. Animal Husbandry
2.4.6.1. Livestock
2.5. Town and Countryside: An Overview
2.5.1. Byzantine economy
2.5.1.1. The context
2.5.1.2. Observations
2.5.2. The Eleventh century context
2.5.3. The Palaeologan period: the era of the commercial Democracies
2.6. Conclusion
2.6.1. Society
Conclusions
3.1. An Overview
3.1.1. General context
3.1.2. The components of the historic landscape of Mount Amani
3.2. Discussion
3.2.1. Settlement pattern
3.2.1.1. Incastellamento
3.2.2. Dark Age contexts
3.2.2.1. Smyrna
3.2.2.2. Miletus
3.2.2.3. Pergamon
3.2.2.4. Priene
3.2.3. Main centres on Mount Amani
3.2.4. Farming regions
3.2.5. Pottery
3.3. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
Appendices
Appendix I
Seals of the Nesoi
Eighth century
Eleventh century
Seventh century
Sixth century
Appendix II
Seals of Aigaion Pelagos
Eighth century
Eighth – ninth century
Ninth century
Ninth – tenth century
Tenth century
Eleventh century
Eleventh – twelfth century
Tenth – Eleventh century
Undated
Appendix III
Ecclesiastical Administration
Seals of Chios
Eighth century
Eighth or ninth century
Eleventh century
Ninth / Tenth century
Ninth century
Seventh century
Tenth / Eleventh century
Tenth century
Volissos (?)
Glossary
Figures
Maps
Plates
PART B. HERALDRY AND VERNACULAR SCULPTURE
Genoese Occupation: Introduction of Coats of Arms
1.1. Definition of coats of arms
1.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
1.2.1. Social stratification of Chios: The origins of the Chiot noble class
1.2.2. Chios: a Genoese soil in the Levant (1304-1329 & 1346-1566)
1.2.2.1. Architecture
1.2.3. The Turkish Occupation (1566-1912)
1.3. THE STONE CARVINGS
1.3.1. Coats of Arms
1.3.2. Inscriptions
Commercial Expansion, 1700-1822: Stone Carvings as Personal and Professional Symbols
2.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
2.2. STONE CARVINGS
2.2.1. Family arms and symbols
2.2.2. Inscriptions
Chios in the Nineteenth Century: Vernacular Carvings
3.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
3.2. THE STONE CARVINGS
3.2.1. Pictorial reliefs
3.2.2. Protective Symbols
3.2.3. Inscriptions
Epilogue
Glossary
Plates
Bibliography
Primary sources
Secondary literature
Index
Place Names
Index of Names
