China's Road and Aging Population

Contents
Preface
China’s Road and the Employment Strategy of Population Aging
1 The Population Aging of China Has Become a Practical Problem That Merits Attention
2 Characteristics of Population Aging in China
3 A New Trend: The Improvement of Population Quality in the Process of Population Aging
4 Rediscussion on Population Aging, Technological Innovation, and Industrial Upgrading
5 Issues Concerning the Development of Social Enterprises
Reference
Theoretical Volume
The Evolution and Strategies of Population Aging in China: Forty-Years’ Experience of the Reform and Opening up
1 Introduction
2 The Status Quo, Characteristics and Trends of Population Aging in China
2.1 Evolution Phases
2.2 The Status Quo of Population Aging
2.3 Characteristics of Population Aging in China
2.4 The Trend of Population Aging in China
3 The Causes and Effects of the Aging Population in China
3.1 The Causes
3.2 The Effects
4 Strategies for the Population Aging of China
4.1 Establish a Scientific Concept of Population Development and Formulate a Reasonable Population Development Plan
4.2 Establish and Improve the Elderly Security System and Medical Service System
4.3 Vigorously Develop the Aging Market and Aging Industry
4.4 Actively Develop and Utilize Elderly Labor Resources
References
Population Aging and Establishment of the Social Security System
1 The Issue of Population Aging and Its Trends
2 The Significance and Necessity of the Reform of the Social Security System
3 The Status Quo and Major Problems of the Reform of the Social Security System
3.1 The Issue of Financing Mode
3.2 The Issue of Preservation and Appreciation of Social Security Funds
3.3 The Issue of the Management System of Social Security
4 Thoughts and Strategies for Reform of the Social Security System
Building the “Third Pillar” of the Pension Security System: Policy Options of Commercial Endowment Insurance
1 International Comparison of Commercial Endowment Insurance Systems
1.1 Commercial Endowment Insurance of the United States
1.2 Commercial Endowment Insurance of Germany
1.3 Commercial Endowment Insurance of Japan
2 Constructing the “Third Pillar” Based on Individual Pension Accounts
3 Policy Recommendations
References
Population Aging and Industrial Upgrading
1 Review of Domestic Literature Research
2 Population Aging Fuels the Silver Industry
2.1 Population Aging Drives the Development of the Elderly Care Industry
2.2 Population Aging Promotes the Development of Tourism and Education Industries
3 Population Aging “Forces” Industrial Transformation
3.1 Population Aging Accelerates the Arrival of the Lewis Turning Point
3.2 Rising Labor Costs
4 Population Aging Deepens Human Capital
4.1 An Increase in Mature Labor Increases the Proportion of Experienced Labor
4.2 Extension of Life Expectancy Increases the Education Years of the Labor Force
5 How to Better Exploit the Positive Effects of Population Aging on the Upgrading of China’s Industrial Structure
5.1 Further Improve the Social Security System and Sustainably Tap the Unlock Consumer Potential of the Internet
5.2 Bring into Full Play the Potential of Aging Human Capital and Prevent “Low-Level” Aging
5.3 Accelerate Urbanization and Boost the Development of New Service Industries
5.4 Improve Innovation Capacity to “Leverage” the Upgrading Effect of the Industrial Structure of an Aging Population
References
The Impact of Population Aging on the Economic Growth of China
1 China Has Entered an Aging Society
2 Theoretical Overview of the Impact of Population Aging on Economic Growth
2.1 The Demographic Factors in the Traditional Theory of Economic Growth
2.2 The Impact of Demographic Factors on Economic Growth
3 Empirical Research Based on the Provincial Level of China
3.1 Research Hypothesis
3.2 Mode Setting
3.3 Description of Indicator Data
3.4 Empirical Results
3.5 Test of Robustness
3.6 Test of Structural Change
3.7 Test of Regional Difference
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Population Aging and Financial Support: Based on the Analysis of Financial Institutions Supporting the Development of the Aging Industry
1 Comparative Analysis of the Development Modes of the Aging Industry
2 The Overall Position of Financial Institutions Supporting the Aging Industry
3 Implementation Path of Financial Institutions Supporting the Aging Industry
4 The Strategic Option of Financial Institutions Supporting the Pharmaceutical Industry
5 Suggestions for Financial Institutions Supporting the Happiness Industry
References
Population Aging and Supply-Side Structural Reform
1 The Formation of an Aging Society and the Evolution and Status Quo of Population Structure
1.1 The Formation of an Aging Society in China
1.2 Evolution of the Aging Population Structure of China
1.3 The Status Quo of Population Aging
2 Analysis of the Causes of China’s Population Aging Under Specific Historical Conditions
2.1 “Baby Boomers” Have Aged Successively
2.2 Population Migration
3 Policies and Reform Measures Dealing with Population Aging in Typical Countries of the World
3.1 The Policies and Reform Measures in the UK
3.2 The Aging Process and Reform Policies in Japan
4 Theory and Policy Research on Supply-Side Structural Reform
4.1 Theoretical Connotation of Supply-Side Structural Reform Under the New Normal
4.2 Analysis of the Economic Principle of Supply-Side Structural Reform
5 The Supply-Side Issue in an Aging Society of China
5.1 Population Aging Increases Downward Pressure on the Economy and Finance
5.2 A Large Base of Population Aging Causes an Imbalance in Social Welfare
5.3 The Upgrading of the Traditional Elderly Care Service Industry Forces the Introduction of a High-Quality New Medical System
5.4 Demographic Imbalance Calls for the Increase in Labor Productivity
6 Research on Supply-Side Structural Reform Against the Background of Population Aging
6.1 Vigorously Promote the Supply-Side Reform of PPP Projects
6.2 Form a Shared Service Chain by Communitization of Medical and Healthcare
6.3 Promote Reemployment of Senior Citizens’ Consulting and Education Positions
6.4 Encourage Fertility to Break the “4-2-1” Dilemma
6.5 Promote Pension Finance and Set Elderly Care as a Lifetime Goal
6.6 Promotion of Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Elderly Care
References
Research on the Integrated Mode of Elderly Care and Medical Services Under the Trend of Population Aging
1 The Integrated Mode of Elderly Care and Medical Services is an Inevitable Choice Under the Current Trend of Population Aging
1.1 The Reform of National Institutions Provides a Foundation for the Integration of the Medical System and the Pension System
1.2 The Good Environment of Social Care Institutions Provides Support for the Integrated Mode
1.3 The Physiological Characteristics of the Elderly Require the Establishment of a Long-Term Care System Under the Integration Mode
1.4 The Optimal Utilization of Elderly Care Resources and Medical Resources Requires Integration
2 China Has Gained Certain Experience in the Integration Mode
2.1 Multiple Types of Integration Mode Have Been Established
2.2 A Number of Demonstration Cases of Medical Care Integration Have Been Formed
2.3 The Institutional Basis of the Medical Care System Has Been Explored
3 Problems and Bottlenecks of the Integrated Mode
3.1 Multi-management of the Government Makes It Difficult to Implement Policy Support
3.2 Impediment of Large Capital Investment in Orderly and Healthy Development of the Integration Mode
3.3 Difficulty in Applying for a Medical Practice License and Medical Insurance Designated Qualification
3.4 High Charges and Incomplete Medical Service
3.5 Untimely Follow-Up of the Laws and Regulations of the Integrated Mode
4 Policy Recommendations for Improving the Integrated Mode
4.1 Straighten Out the Administrative Management System and Build an Integrated Administrative Coordination Mechanism
4.2 Establish a Diversified Input Mechanism to Form a Coordinated Pattern of Joint Construction and Sharing
4.3 Improve the Elderly Care Service System and Create a Multilevel Supply Mode
4.4 Innovative Payment Methods and Build Long-Term Care Systems
References
Population Aging and Changes in the Developmental Dynamic Mechanism
1 The Issue of Population Aging in China
2 Analysis of the Changes in the Impact Mechanism of Population Aging
2.1 The Impact of Population Aging on Industrial Structure Upgrading
2.2 The Impact of Population Aging on Technological Innovation
2.3 The Impact of Population Aging on Human Capital Accumulation
2.4 The Impact of Population Aging on Labor Supply
2.5 The Impact of Population Aging on Labor Productivity
3 Policy Recommendations on Population Aging
References
Age Structure of the Population and High Savings: Theoretical Models and Empirical Evidence
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Analysis
2.1 Population Age Structure and Social Security Fund System
2.2 Individual Decisions
3 Measurement Model and Data Description
4 Empirical Research Results and Robustness Analysis
4.1 Basic Estimation Results
4.2 Robustness Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Informal Institutions and Healthy Care for the Elderly: Research on the Health Promotion Function of Social Capital
1 Raising of the Question and Literature Review
2 Research Design
2.1 Data Source
2.2 Setting of the Measurement Model and Description of the Variables
2.3 Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Analysis of Variables
3 Empirical Results and Discussion
3.1 The Impact of Social Capital on Health: Full Sample Analysis
3.2 The Heterogeneity of Social Capital Affecting Individual Health: Sub-sample Estimation
4 Conclusion and Policy Discussion
References
The Reform of the Pension System Under the Background of Population Aging in China
1 The Status Quo and Characteristics of Population Aging in China
1.1 The Status Quo
1.2 Characteristics of Population Aging in China
2 The Historical Evolution of the Pension Insurance System in China
3 Risks Faced by the Pension Insurance of China Against the Background of Aging
3.1 Heavy Reliance on Financial Subsidies
3.2 Serious Problem of Empty Account
3.3 Low Level of Overall Planning
3.4 Slow Development of the Enterprise Annuity System
3.5 Great Pressure to Reduce Pension Insurance Rates
4 How to Further Improve Pension Insurance in the Context of Aging
4.1 Multichannel Investment of Pension Insurance Funds Must Be Stabilized and Increased
4.2 Prevent Debt Crises and Ease the Pressure of Pension Insurance Payments
4.3 Establish a “Horizontal” and “Vertical” Pension Insurance Coordination Mechanism
4.4 Promote the Long-Term Development of Enterprise Annuities
4.5 Consolidation of the Fundamental Can Better Play the Protective Role of Pension Insurance
References
The Impact of Population Aging on Income Distribution
1 Status Quo and Trends of Population Aging in China
1.1 The Prominent Trend of Population Aging in China
1.2 Continuous Increase in the Proportion of the Elderly
1.3 Rapid Decline of the Proportion of Children and Adolescents
1.4 Insufficiency of Labor Supply
2 The Impact of Population Aging on Macro Income Distribution
2.1 Increase in Labor Income Share
2.2 Continuous Narrowing of the Wage Gap
2.3 Increase in the Proportion of Redistribution Expenditure
2.4 Decline in Redistribution and Adjustment Ability
2.5 Continuous Widening of the Income Gap
3 The Impact of Population Aging on Micro Income Distribution
3.1 Continuous Decline of the Disposable Income of the Elderly
3.2 Decreased Function of Household Redistribution
3.3 Widening Gap of Inter-generational Income
3.4 Further Increase in Pressure on Household Income and Expenditure
4 Strategies to Cope with Population Aging and Widening the Income Gap
4.1 Develop the Elderly’ Labor Resources
4.2 Improve the Adjustment Effect of the Redistribution Policy
4.3 Delay the Retirement Age and Increase the Guarding Strength for the Elderly
4.4 Improve the System Design of Social Security
4.5 Perfect Family-Based Social Welfare System
References
Empirical Volume
A Comparative Study of the Pension Mode in First, Second-tier Cities and Third, Fourth-tier Cities in China
1 The Status Quo and Development of the Pension Market in China
1.1 Overview of the Scale and Service Types of the Pension Market in China
1.2 Development and Characteristics of the Current Pension Market in China
1.3 Development and Evolution of Pension Modes in Foreign Countries
2 Development of the Pension Market in First- and Second-tier Cities of China
2.1 Status Quo
2.2 Case Study—The Community-Family Pension Mode of Wuhan Baibuting
3 Development of the Pension Market in Third- and Fourth-tier Cities
3.1 Status Quo
3.2 Case Study—The Virtual Nursing Home in Chengguan District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province
4 Reflections on Pension Modes in First- and Second-tier Cities and Third- and Fourth-tier Cities Based on International Experience
4.1 Reflections on International Experience
4.2 Reflections on Pension Modes in First- and Second-tier Cities
4.3 Reflections on Pension Modes in Third- and Fourth-tier Cities
5 Policy Recommendations
References
Research on the Innovative Mode of Agricultural Land Finance in Resolving the Dilemma of Rural Elderly Care Under the Background of Rural Population Aging
1 Introduction
1.1 The Aging of the Rural Population
1.2 The Environment of the Aging Problem in China
2 Analysis of Rural Land Reform and the Aging of Rural Population
2.1 The Aging Population Forces Rural Land Reform
2.2 Advantages of Rural Land Reform
2.3 Innovation of Rural Financial Modes
3 Suggestions for the Innovation of Rural Financial Modes in the Context of Aging
3.1 Each Participant Has Its Own Advantages
3.2 Clarify the Profit Distribution Plan to Prevent the Risk of Contract Failure
3.3 Promote the Development of Secondary and Tertiary Industries in Rural Areas
3.4 Address Both Symptoms and Root Causes and Improve the Rural Social Security System
References
Exploration of the Rural Socialized Pension Mode in Qichun County: Report on Qichun Investigation
1 Introduction
2 Humanistic Geography and Population Structure of Qichun
2.1 Humanistic Geography and Culture
2.2 The Status Quo and Development of the Qichun Population Structure
3 Explorations of the Qichun Pension Mode
3.1 Analysis of the Main Body of Population Aging
3.2 Break of Traditional Concepts and Establishment of New Ideas
3.3 Build a New Pension System
3.4 Integrate Social Pension Capital
4 Path Dependence and Strategies for the Future Development of the Qichun Pension Mode
Lifelong Education Under the Background of Population Aging: Taking Hubei Qianjiang as an Example
1 Research Background
1.1 Status Quo and Trends of Population Aging in China
1.2 Proposal for the Construction of a Lifelong Learning Society
2 Opportunities and Challenges Brought by Aging to Lifelong Education
2.1 Concept of Lifelong Education
2.2 Lifelong Education and the Development of Talent Resources for the Elderly
3 Survey of Lifelong Education in Hubei Qianjiang
3.1 Research Methods
3.2 The Status Quo and Development Trends of the Elderly in Qianjiang
4 Survey Results of the Needs and Status Quo of Senior Education in Qianjiang
4.1 The Status Quo of the Senior University in Qianjiang
4.2 Educational Needs for the Elderly in Qianjiang and the Characteristic Contents
5 Problem Analysis and Policy Recommendations Under the Mode of Education for the Elderly in Qianjiang City
Reference
Exploring the Feasibility of Allocating REITs to Chinese Pension Funds
1 Current Situation and Problems of China’s Pension System
2 International Experience in the Market Operation of Pension Funds and Its Implications for China
2.1 Analysis of the Current Status of International Pension Operations
2.2 Implications of International Pension Operations for China’s Pension Development
3 Feasibility Analysis of China’s Pension Investment in REITs
3.1 Current Status of China’s Pension Investment Mode
3.2 Advantages and Significance of Pension Investment in REIT
3.3 Exploring the Mode of Investment in REITs by Pension Funds in China
3.4 Analysis of Problems and Obstacles
4 Policy Recommendations
4.1 Formulate Rules for Pension Investment Management Guidelines to Promote Market-Based Pension Operations
4.2 Improve REIT-Related Management Methods and Laws and Regulations to Facilitate the Implementation of REITs
4.3 Establish More Professional Pension Investment Management Institutions
Reference
Analysis and Theoretical Reflection on Pension Cases in Fujian and Taiwan
1 Case Analysis of Pension Modes in Fujian and Taiwan
1.1 Typical Cases in Fujian
1.2 Typical Cases in Taiwan
2 Theoretical Reflections on Pension Services
References
National Pension System of China and Development of the Capital Market
1 The Reform Goal of China’s Pension System: The Three-Pillar System
1.1 Mode of the Theoretical Analysis of Pension System
1.2 The Goals of Pension System Reform in China
1.3 The Three-Pillar Pension System of China
2 Pension Investment in the Capital Market
2.1 The Basic Pension Insurance Fund Has Begun Market-Oriented Investment Operations
2.2 The Relative Maturity of the Market-Oriented Investment Operation of the Enterprise Annuity
2.3 Occupational Annuity Market-Oriented Investment Operation Has Just Started
2.4 The Third Pillar of the Personal Pension Has Just Started to Pilot
3 The Strategic Reserve of National Pension Fund: National Social Security Fund
3.1 Establishment and Scale of the National Social Security Fund
3.2 The Positive Interaction Between Social Security Funds and the Capital Market
4 The Prospects of the Pension System and Capital Market
4.1 Prospects of Pension System Construction
4.2 Prospects of the Capital Market
4.3 Vision of an Interactive Development of the Pension System and Capital Market
References
Analysis of the Option Factors of the Residents’ Pension Mode Taking Beijing as an Example
1 Related Concepts and Origin of the Question
2 The Process and Methods of the Questionnaire Survey
2.1 Investigation Process
2.2 Problems Encountered in the Questionnaire Survey
3 Status Quo and Characteristics of Residents’ Options for Pension Modes
3.1 Basic Situation and Analysis of Survey Samples
3.2 The Final Option of the Pension Mode
3.3 Family Pension
3.4 Institution Pension
3.5 Community Pension
3.6 House-For-Pension
4 Conclusions of the Options of Pension Modes
4.1 Suggestions on Family Pension
4.2 Suggestions on Institution Pension
4.3 Suggestions on Community Pension
4.4 Suggestions on House-For-Pension
4.5 Vigorously Promote the Construction of the “Internet + Community Pension” Mode
References
Main Countermeasures of the German Social Security System Coping with Population Aging
1 The Overall Situation of the German Economy and the Social Security System
2 Population Aging in Germany
3 The Financial Risks of the German Social Security System Brought by Population Aging
4 Main Countermeasures of Social Security Coping with Population Aging
4.1 Promote the Employment of the Elderly and Improve Social Support Structures
4.2 Strengthen and Improve Employment and Social Security Information Management to Provide an Efficient and Reliable Basis for Decision-Making
4.3 Actively Promote the Reform of Social Security Parameters and Enhance the Sustainability of Basic Insurance
4.4 According to the Principle of Multiparty Sharing, the Government and the Family Should Be Reasonably Strengthened to Deal with the Aging Responsibility
5 Policy Recommendations
5.1 Develop Human Resources for the Elderly and Reduce the Pressure of Social Security System Support
5.2 Put Effort into Building a Multilevel Social Security System
5.3 Improve Risk Prevention Measures in the Field of Social Insurance
References
Analysis of the Application of the PPP Mode in the Pension Industry Under the Background of Population Aging in China
1 Pension Problems Brought by Population Aging
2 The Connection Between the PPP Mode and the Elderly Care Service Industry
2.1 PPP Mode
2.2 The Feasibility of the Application of the PPP Mode to the Elderly Service Industry
2.3 Participants learn from each other
3 The Status Quo and Problems of the PPP Mode in China’s Elderly Care Service Industry
3.1 The Status of the PPP Mode in the Elderly Service Industry
3.2 Problems with the PPP Mode in the Elderly Care Service Industry
4 International Reference
4.1 American Experience
4.2 Singapore Experience
5 Suggestions for the Development of the PPP Mode in the Elderly Care Service Industry
5.1 The Capacity Improvement and Function Transformation of the Government
5.2 Diversified Financing Modes
5.3 Improve Laws and Regulations
Revelations of the British Pension Mode and the Exploration of the Diversified Pension Mode of China
1 The Current Pension Mode and Problems
2 Characteristics of the Pension Mode in the UK
2.1 The Legal Foundation, Supervision and Management System of the UK Government
2.2 The Community Pension System of the UK
3 The Revelations of the British Pension Mode to the Pension Industry of China
3.1 Attach Importance to and Improve Laws and Regulations on Elderly Care Services
3.2 Give Full Play to the Leading Role of the Government
3.3 Attention Given to the Training of Professional Talent
3.4 Enhance Support for Family Pension
3.5 Mobilize and Develop Social Participation
References
Private Equity Funds and Population Aging
1 The History of Private Equity Funds in China
1.1 The Initial Stage (1985–1996)
1.2 Early Stage (1997–2004)
1.3 Rapid Development Stage (2004–2011)
2 The Status Quo of the Private Equity Market of China
2.1 Overall Market Overview
2.2 Annual Changes
2.3 Distribution of Investment Types
2.4 Development Trends
3 Analysis of the Mechanism of Population Aging in the Private Equity Market
3.1 Population Aging and Household Savings, Expanding Consumption Capacity
3.2 Population Aging and Industrial Structure Adjustment, Pharmaceutical and Other Growth Industries
3.3 The Aging Population and the Pattern of Financial Institutions, the Proportion of Equity Investment Has Increased
3.4 Population Aging and Macroeconomic Policies, Changing the Original Policy Direction
4 Opportunities and Challenges of the Private Equity Industry in the Context of an Aging Population
4.1 The New Era Provides New Opportunities for Private Equity
4.2 New Challenges for Private Equity Fund
5 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
5.1 Optimize the Mechanism and Broaden Fund-Raising Channels
5.2 Improve the Construction of a Multilevel Capital Market System
5.3 Further Improve the Supervision Mechanism of the Private Equity Market
5.4 Scientific Incentives to Attract and Cultivate Talent
References
Population Aging and Economic Transformation and Development in Resource-Based Cities Take Shanxi Datong as an Example
1 Population Aging: Status Quo and Characteristics
1.1 Status Quo
1.2 Characteristics
1.3 The History of the Economic Development of Datong: Success of the Coal Mine and Failure of the Coal Mine
2 Population Aging: Opportunities and Challenges Coexist
3 Development Strategies and Practices
3.1 Vigorously Implement the Talent Development Strategy
3.2 Actively Adjust the Industrial Structure
References