China’s Vocational Education Reform: Explorations and Analysis

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
1 Vocational Education Policy Development Trends in China
1.1 Literature Review
1.1.1 Research on the Overall Change of Vocational Education Policy
1.1.2 Research on Policy Changes of Rural Vocational Education
1.1.3 Research on Policy Changes of Industry-Education Integration in Vocational Education
1.1.4 Research on Policy Changes of Vocational Education in Other Countries and Regions in the World
1.2 Policy Stage of Vocational Education Development in China
1.2.1 Restoring the Creation Period (1978–1984)
1.2.2 Simultaneous Development Period (1985–1990)
1.2.3 Sustainable Development Period (1991–1998)
1.2.4 Consolidation and Adjustment Period (1999–2009)
1.2.5 Strategic Development Period (2010–present)
1.3 Challenges of Vocational Education Policy Development in China
1.3.1 External Situation Changes
1.3.2 Internal Development Challenges
1.4 Suggestions on Vocational Education Policy Development in China
1.4.1 Accelerate School–Enterprise Cooperation and Industry-Education Integration
1.4.2 Adapt to the Changes Brought by Digital Technology to Vocational Education
1.4.3 Improve the Management System of Vocational Education Schools
1.4.4 Strengthen the Construction of Teachers for Vocational Education
References
2 Analysis of the Student Development in Chinese Vocational Education
2.1 Liteature Review
2.1.1 The Input of Vocational Education Students in China
2.1.2 The Process of Vocational Education Students in China
2.1.3 The Output of Vocational Education Students in China
2.2 Challenges of Vocational Education Students in China
2.2.1 The Difficulty of Entering Higher Education After Receiving Vocational Education
2.2.2 The Reflection that Students Do Not Choose Vocational Education
2.3 Suggestions on Vocational Education Students in China
2.3.1 Integration of Production and Education
2.3.2 School Construction
2.3.3 Social Values
References
3 The Allocation of Teachers’ Resources in China’s Vocational Education
3.1 Literature Review
3.1.1 Research on Teacher Policy in Vocational Education
3.1.2 Research on “Double-Qualified” Vocational Education Teachers
3.1.3 Research on Professional Development of Vocational Education Teachers
3.2 Data Analysis of the Teachers’ Resources Allocation in China’s Vocational Education
3.2.1 Changes of Faculty and Staff
3.2.2 The Analysis of Full Time Teachers in Vocational Schools
3.3 Challenges of the Teachers’ Resources Allocation in China’s Vocational Education
3.3.1 The Teacher-Student Ratio Is Not up to Standard
3.3.2 Uneven Distribution of Teaching and Administrative Staff at All Levels
3.3.3 The Structure of Vocational Education Teachers’ Academic Qualifications
3.3.4 The Number of Vocational Education Teachers and Their Academic Qualifications Is Not Evenly Distributed Among Regions
3.3.5 The Quantity and Quality of Teachers
3.3.6 Job Benefits and Security
3.4 Suggestions on Allocation of Teachers’ Resources in China’s Vocational Education
3.4.1 Build a Team of Quality Teachers
3.4.2 Expand Channels for Teacher Training
3.4.3 School–Enterprise Cooperation
3.4.4 Overseas Study
References
4 China’s Vocational Education Financial Mechanism System
4.1 Literature Review
4.1.1 Research on the Financial System of Vocational Education
4.1.2 Research on the Expenditure Mechanism of Vocational Education Funds
4.1.3 Research on Education Finance Based on the Comparison Between Vocational Education and General Education
4.1.4 Research on the Financial Equity of Vocational Education
4.2 Data Analysis
4.2.1 Investment in Vocational Education
4.2.2 The Allocation of Funds for General Education and Vocational Education
4.2.3 Regional Investment in Vocational Education
4.3 Challenges of China’s Vocational Education Financial Mechanism System
4.3.1 The Total Financial Input in Vocational Education Is Insufficient, and the Proportion of the Total Educational Funds Is Relatively Low
4.3.2 The Diversification of the Funding Structure of Vocational Education, and the Mechanism of Raising Funds Through Multiple Channels Is Not Perfect
4.3.3 Financial Input in Vocational Education Is Not Balanced Among Regions
4.3.4 The Level of Funding Per Student for Vocational Education Is Relatively Low, Which Is Not Compatible with the High Cost of Vocational Education
4.3.5 The Policy on Investment in Vocational Education Is Not Sound and the Implementation Is Not in Place
4.4 Suggestions on China’s Vocational Education Financial Mechanism System
4.4.1 Fulfilling Government Duties and Ensuring the Investment in Vocational Education
4.4.2 Accelerating the Establishment and Improvement of an Independent Financial Mechanism for Vocational Education
4.4.3 Speeding Up the Formulation and Implementation of Standards for Funding Per Student for Vocational Education
4.4.4 Improving the Mechanism for Raising Funds for Vocational Education in Various Ways
4.4.5 Strengthening Supervision and Management of Funds for Vocational Education
References
5 The Student Financial Aid in China’s Vocational Education
5.1 Literature Review
5.1.1 Research on the Formulation of Financial Aid Policies for Secondary Vocational Students
5.1.2 Research on the Implementation of Financial Aid Policy for Secondary Vocational Students
5.1.3 Research on the Effect Evaluation of Financial Aid Policy for Secondary Vocational Students
5.1.4 Research on Financial Aid Policies for Students from Poor Families in Vocational Colleges
5.2 Data Analysis
5.2.1 Establishment and Development of Financial Aid Policy System for Secondary Vocational Students
5.2.2 Current Situation and Characteristics of Financial Aid for Secondary Vocational Students
5.3 Experience of Student Financial Aid Management in Developed Countries
5.3.1 The United States
5.3.2 Germany
5.3.3 South Korea
5.4 Challenges of Students’ Financial Aid in Vocational Education
5.4.1 There are Problems in Financial Aid Policies for Secondary Vocational Students
5.4.2 The Target Group of the Subsidy Policy Needs to Be Further Expanded
5.4.3 Sources of Student Financial Aid Need to Be Enriched
5.4.4 The Lack of Effective Supervision and Evaluation System for Funding Management
5.4.5 The Identification of Poor Students Is Not Accurate Enough
5.4.6 Insufficient Funding for Education
5.4.7 The Subvention Team Is Not Professional
5.5 Suggestions on the Development of Financial Aid for Secondary Vocational Students
5.5.1 Further Expanding the Target Group of the Fund
5.5.2 Give Full Play to the Incentive Effect of Funding Policies
5.5.3 Improve the Precision of Funding Policies
5.5.4 Actively Introduce Social Funding Resources
5.5.5 Improve the Poverty-Stricken Students Identification System
5.5.6 Strengthen the Construction of the Financial Support Team
References
6 Chinese Vocational Education Examination and Enrollment System
6.1 Literature Review
6.1.1 Research on Policy Changes of Vocational Education Examination and Enrollment System Reform
6.1.2 Domestic Research on Vocational Education Examination and Enrollment System
6.2 International Comparison of Vocational Education Examination
6.2.1 Japanese Vocational Education Examination System
6.2.2 The German
6.2.3 The United States
6.2.4 British
6.2.5 China
6.3 Challenges of Vocational Education Examination
6.3.1 Lack of Independent Examination and Enrollment Mode
6.3.2 Lack of Scientific Matter in Test Content
6.3.3 Lack of Occupational Aptitude Test
6.3.4 Enterprise Participation Is Not High
6.4 Suggestions on Student Financial Aid in China’s Vocational Education
6.4.1 Improve the Vocational Education Examination and Enrollment System
6.4.2 Improve the System Construction of Industrial Enterprises Participating in the Recruitment Process
6.4.3 Strengthen Enrollment Management and Integrate Resources Comprehensively
6.4.4 Strengthen School Participation
6.4.5 Enhance the Participation of Enterprises and Industries
References
7 Reform and Development of Private Vocational Education in China
7.1 Literature Review
7.1.1 Research on the Policies and Regulations of Private Vocational Education
7.1.2 Research on the Funds of Privately Run Vocational Education
7.1.3 Research on the Construction of Private Vocational Education Teachers
7.1.4 Research on the Establishment of Private Vocational Education Majors
7.2 Data Analysis
7.2.1 Students in Private Secondary Vocational Education
7.2.2 Teachers in Private Secondary Vocational Education
7.3 Challenges of Private Vocational Education in China
7.3.1 Talent Training Meets Market Demand
7.3.2 Diversified Educational Mechanisms
7.3.3 Management System and Teachers’ Characteristics
7.4 Suggestions on Private Vocational Education in China
7.4.1 Strengthen the Willingness of Traditional Students to Choose Schools
7.4.2 Transfer Two or Three Students into Higher Vocational Colleges and Expand the Enrollment of Social Students
7.4.3 To Realize the Identity of Teachers in Private Vocational Colleges
7.4.4 Improve the Evaluation System and Optimize Teacher Training
7.4.5 Transformation of Private Vocational Schools: Diversified Funds and Income Channels
References
8 The School–Enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Education in China
8.1 Literature Review
8.1.1 Policies on University–Enterprise Cooperation
8.1.2 Model of School–Enterprise Cooperation
8.2 Challenges of University–Enterprise Cooperation
8.2.1 The Role of the Government Is not Prominent
8.2.2 Enterprises Have Low Enthusiasm for Cooperation
8.2.3 Cooperation Is Shallow
8.3 Suggestions on School–Enterprise Cooperation and Development
8.3.1 Improve Policies and Systems
8.3.2 Establish an Evaluation System
8.3.3 Strengthen Communication and Collaboration Between the University and the Enterprise
8.3.4 Classification According to the Depth of Cooperation
8.3.5 Active Participation of Both the University and the Enterprise
8.3.6 Follow Certain Norms and Principles
8.3.7 Better Cooperation Results Can Be Obtained
8.4 Challenges of University–Enterprise Cooperation
8.4.1 Improve the Quality of Teaching in Schools
8.4.2 Reduce the Cost of Running Schools
8.5 Suggestions on University–Enterprise Cooperation in China
8.5.1 Improve Relevant Laws and Regulations
8.5.2 Establish a Monitoring and Evaluation System
8.5.3 Improve Supporting Policies
8.5.4 Increase Support for Vocational Education
References