This edited volume discusses the contest and contestation between China and Taiwan for diplomatic recognition and supremacy on the African continent. Written by a diverse group of international scholars, this volume provides insight into five interlocking questions and areas: the origins of China and Taiwan’s continent-wide competition for supremacy; China and Taiwan’s foreign policy towards Africa during and after the Cold War; the shift in dominance from Taiwan to China; the changing allegiances of African governments; and the implications of ongoing China-Africa-Taiwan relations on the global system, especially on countries in the Global South.
This book is divided into three parts. Part One deals primarily with the early history of both Chinas on the continent. Chapters in Part Two discuss the foreign policy of China and Taiwan toward the African continent. Part Three focuses on the shifting alliances and diplomatic allegiance of African countries towards the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Filling the gap in Africa-China-Taiwan studies, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students in the social sciences especially political science, comparative politics, international relations, foreign policy, politics of developing nations, area studies, and Taiwanese/Chinese studies.
Author(s): Sabella O. Abidde
Series: Africa-East Asia International Relations
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 321
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Contents
About the Editor
About the Contributors
Abbreviations
Part I: Contest and Contestations: The Early Years
Chapter 1: Sovereignty and International Recognition: Exploring the Complex China-Africa-Taiwan Relations
Introduction
Understanding International Recognition and Its Implications on Statehood
The Declaratory or Constitutive Theory of Statehood? A Framework of Analysis
Taiwan-China Relations: A Background
Taiwan-Africa-China Relations: Analytical Perspective
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 2: China in Africa: Historical Roots, 1949–1970
Africa in Chinese Geopolitics During the 1950s and 1960s
China and the Third World Card
Africa in Chinese Foreign Policy of the 1960s
Chinese Foreign Policy Guidelines in Africa
The Pillars of Chinese Foreign Policy in Africa
The Chinese Turn to the United Nations: The Role of African Countries
Bibliography
Books
Journal Articles
Website Contents
Chapter 3: The Statehood of Taiwan
Introduction
From Authoritarianism to Democracy
From Japanese Colony to One Province of China
KMT’s Authoritarian Rule and Taiwan’s Road to Democracy
Taiwan’s Democratization and the Seek for Taiwan’s Statehood
From Hostile to Cooperative Cross-Strait
Relations and the US Policy Toward Taiwan
The Fluctuation of Cross-Strait Relations Between Hostility and Engagement
China’s Taiwan Policy: The One-China Principle
US Taiwan Policy: The One-China Policy
The Emergence of Taiwanese Nationality
In Search of Taiwan’s Statehood
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 4: The Cold War and the China–Taiwan Impasse
Introduction
The Legacy of the Cold War on Both Sides of the Strait
Paths of Military Development
Impact of the Korean War
Impact of the Sino-Soviet Rupture
Impact of the Diplomatic Relations Between China and the USA
Political and Economic System Competition
Differences in National Identity Between the Two Sides
2016 to Present: The China–Taiwan Impasse After the DPP Regained Power
The Appearance of the Current Impasse in Cross-Strait Relations
The Legacy of the Cold War and Causes of the Current Impasse
Sino-US Confrontation Gives Taiwan Increased Military Support
The Hong Kong Issue Highlights the Conflicts Between Cross-Strait Systems and Values
The Difficulty of Accepting the 1992 Consensus Due to the Rapid Increase of People Who Favor Taiwan’s Independence
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 5: Japan and the Political Status of Taiwan
Introduction
Japan’s Role in Shaping the Political Status of Taiwan
Japan-China Normalization and Implications for Taiwan
Democratization, China Rising, and Japan-Taiwan Relations
Tohoku Earthquake and Strengthening of Bilateral Relations
Conclusion: Whither Japan and the Status of Taiwan?
References
Part II: Foreign Policy and International Organizations
Chapter 6: China’s Foreign Policy Toward Africa in the Years 1949–1971
Introduction
China’s Strategy Toward Africa
The Bandung Conference
How and Why Did the African States Switched Their Position in Favor of China?
The Non-Aligned Movement in the Framework of PRC-Africa Relations
PRC and the United States in Africa: Allies or Enemies?
Was PRC and Soviet Union on the Same Page About Africa?
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 7: The UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 of 1971 Recognizing the People’s Republic of China as the Legitimate Representative of the State of China
Introduction
Votes for and Against 1971 UN Resolution and the African UN Member States
Votes for and Against the 1971 UN Resolution and the Division of Capitalist UN Member States in Europe and in Asia
Historical Facts (1945–1971)
The Proceedings at the United Nations General Assembly in 1971
The Voting on the Resolution in the United Nations General Assembly of 1971
People’s Republic of China Diplomatic Relations with Japan and the United States
Later Developments of 2007 in the United Nations Regarding Taiwan and China
Controversy Regarding the United Nations, China, and Taiwan
The Bilateral Relations of the PRC with African States that Voted for the 1971 Resolution and the PRC’s Hong Kong National Security Law
The Bilateral Relations of the PRC with African States that Voted Against the Recognition of PRC and for the PRC’s Hong Kong National Security Law (UN Human Rights Council of 2020)
Developments of 2020, China, Africa, COVID-19, Solidarity Summit
Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
Additional Internet Sources
Chapter 8: Beijing, Washington, and Taipei in the WHO
Introduction
Tripartite Condition in the WHO
The Role of the WHO
Understanding the Decision-Making of Three Parties in the WHO Case
The Competitions in the WHO
Taipei’s Motivations
From the Perspective of Beijing
Washington’s Interests
Analysis of the WHO Case
Taipei’s Untraditional Diplomacy Through the WHO
The Cases of SARS and COVID-19
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Humanitarianism Versus Political Interests
Different Reactions in Beijing
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Economic Alignment, Political Nonalignment: Engaging Issues in OAU/AU’s Response to China-Taiwan Diplomatic Debacles in Africa
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
China, Taiwan, and the World: Engaging the Background to China-Taiwan Diplomatic Debacle
China and Taiwan in Africa: Drivers and Context
AU, African States, and China-Taiwan Debacle: Diplomacy of Economic Alignment and Political Nonalignment
Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
Part III: Pragmatic Diplomacy and Shifting Allegiances
Chapter 10: The Switching of Sides by Senegal and Nigeria
Introduction
Nigeria’s Relations with China: Before Formal Diplomatic Recognition
China to the Rescue: The Collision of Military Rule and Democratization
The Era of Democratic Rule, Former Generals, and China
Nigeria and Taiwan: Economic Ties Without Formal Recognition
Senegal’s Relations with China
Senegal’s Relations with Taiwan
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Nelson Mandela, the ANC, China, and Taiwan
Introduction
The Future Shall Inherit the Past
The Duality of Dual Recognition
Pseudo Diplomacy and the Status of Taiwan in South Africa Today
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 12: Promoting the One-China Policy: The PRC’s Economic Statecraft in Africa
Introduction
A Timeline of the ROC-PRC Diplomatic War and African Transactional Loyalty
Case Studies
Malawi
Burkina Faso
Eswatini
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 13: China Vs. Taiwan in Africa: The Role of Democracy and Electoral Competitiveness
Introduction
Historical Overview
Literature Review
Empirical Strategy and Conceptual Framework
Variables
Case Selection
Democracy Conceptualized
Analysis: African Democracies, Choice Mechanisms, and the One-China Policy
Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 14: The US-China-Taiwan Relations: Military Invasion, Annexation, and Verbal Brinkmanship
Introduction
Military Invasion and Annexation
Implications of Annexation
Tsai Ing-wen and Taiwan’s Dilemma
America’s Will, Biden’s Commitment
The US-PRC Joint Communiqués
The Taiwan Relations Act, 1979
The Six Assurances
The American Public and Congress
The Brinkmanship
Implications for Africa
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix A: Joint Communiqué of the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China, February 27, 1972 (Shanghai Communiqué)
Appendix B: Joint Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America, August 17, 1982
Appendix C: Taiwan Relations Act (Public Law 96-8, 22 U.S.C. 3301 et seq.)
An Act
Short Title
Findings and Declaration of Policy
Implementation of United States Policy with Regard to Taiwan
Application of Laws; International Agreements
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
The American Institute of Taiwan
Services by the Institute to United States Citizens on Taiwan
Tax Exempt Status of the Institute
Taiwan Instrumentality
Separation of Government Personnel for Employment with the Institute
Reporting Requirement
Rules and Regulations
Congressional Oversight
Definitions
Authorization of Appropriations
Severability of Provisions
Effective Date
Appendix D. President Reagan’s Six Assurances to Taiwan
Introduction
The 1982 U.S.-PRC Joint Communiqué and Its Legacy
The Six Assurances
Taiwan’s Sovereignty and Verb Tenses
The Six Assurances in U.S. Legislation
Index
