Chemistry: The Central Science in SI Units, Expanded Edition, 15th [Global Edition]

Cover
Periodic Table of the Elements
List of Elements with Their Symbols and Atomic Weights
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Chemical Applications and Essays
Interactive Media
Preface
About the Authors
Visual Walkthrough
New Levels of Student Interaction for Improved Conceptual Understanding
Visually Revised to Better Help Students Build Chemistry
Knowledge and Understanding
Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Pearson Mastering Chemistry (I)
Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Pearson Mastering Chemistry (II)
Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Pearson Mastering Chemistry (III)
Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Pearson Mastering Chemistry (IV)
Instructor and Student Resources
Chapter 1: Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry
Why Study Chemistry?
1.2 Classifications of Matter
States of Matter
Pure Substances
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
1.3 Properties of Matter
Physical and Chemical Changes
Separation of Mixtures
1.4 The Nature of Energy
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
1.5 Units of Measurement
SI Units
Length and Mass
Temperature
Derived SI Units
Volume
Density
Units of Energy
1.6 Uncertainty in Measurement
Precision and Accuracy
Significant Figures
Significant Figures in Calculations
1.7 Dimensional Analysis
Conversion Factors
Using Two or More Conversion Factors
Conversions Involving Volume
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry and the Chemical Industry
A Closer Look The Scientific Method
Chemistry Put to Work Chemistry in the News
Strategies for Success Estimating Answers
Strategies for Success The Importance of Practice
Strategies for Success The Features of This Book
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter
2.2 The Discovery of Atomic Structure
Cathode Rays and Electrons
Radioactivity
The Nuclear Model of the Atom
2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure
Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotopes
2.4 Atomic Weights
The Atomic Mass Scale
Atomic Weight
2.5 The Periodic Table
2.6 Molecules and Molecular Compounds
Molecules and Chemical Formulas
Molecular and Empirical Formulas
Picturing Molecules
2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds
Predicting Ionic Charges
Ionic Compounds
2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Names and Formulas of Acids
Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds
2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds
Alkanes
Some Derivatives of Alkanes
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
A Closer Look Basic Forces
A Closer Look The Mass Spectrometer
Chemistry and Life Elements Required by Living Organisms
Strategies for Success How to Take a Test
Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
3.1 The Conservation of Mass, Chemical Equations, and Stoichiometry
How to Balance Chemical Equations
A Step-by-Step Example of Balancing a Chemical Equation
3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity: Combination, Decomposition, and Combustion
Combination and Decomposition Reactions
Combustion Reactions
3.3 Formula Weights and Elemental Compositions of Substances
Formula and Molecular Weights
Elemental Compositions of Substances
3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole; Molar Mass
The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
Molar Mass
Converting Between Masses, Moles, and Atoms/Molecules/Ions
3.5 Formula Weights and Elemental Compositions of Substances
Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas
Combustion Analysis
3.6 Reaction Stoichiometry
3.7 Limiting Reactants
Theoretical and Percent Yields
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Strategies for Success Problem Solving
Chemistry and Life Glucose Monitoring
Strategies for Success Design an Experiment
Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solution
4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
How Compounds Dissolve in Water
Strong and Weak Electrolytes
4.2 Precipitation Reactions
Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds
Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions
Ionic Equations and Spectator Ions
4.3 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions
Acids
Bases
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes
Neutralization Reactions and Salts
Neutralization Reactions with Gas Formation
4.4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts
The Activity Series
4.5 Concentrations of Solutions
Molarity
Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte
Interconverting Molarity, Moles, and Volume
Dilution
4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis
Titrations
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry Put to Work Antacids
Strategies for Success Analyzing Chemical Reactions
Chapter 5: Thermochemistry
5.1 The Nature of Chemical Energy
5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
System and Surroundings
Internal Energy
Relating ΔE to Heat and Work
Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
State Functions
5.3 Enthalpy
Pressure–Volume Work
Enthalpy Change
5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction
5.5 Calorimetry
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)
5.6 Hess’s Law
5.7 Enthalpies of Formation
Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction
5.8 Bond Enthalpies
Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions
5.9 Foods and Fuels
Foods
Fuels
Other Energy Sources
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Energy, Enthalpy, and P-V Work
A Closer Look Using Enthalpy as a Guide
Chemistry and Life The Regulation of Body Temperature
Chemistry Put to Work The Scientific and Political Challenges of Biofuels
Chapter 6: Electronic Structure of Atoms
6.1 The Wave Nature of Light
6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons
Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy
The Photoelectric Effect and Photons
6.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Model
Line Spectra
Bohr’s Model
The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom
Limitations of the Bohr Model
6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter
The Uncertainty Principle
6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals
Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
6.6 Representations of Orbitals
The s Orbitals
The p Orbitals
The d and f Orbitals
6.7 Many-Electron Atoms
Orbitals and Their Energies
Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
6.8 Electron Configurations
Hund’s Rule
Condensed Electron Configurations
Transition Metals
The Lanthanides and Actinides
6.9 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
Anomalous Electron Configurations
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Measurement and the Uncertainty Principle
A Closer Look Thought Experiments and Schrödinger’s Cat
A Closer Look Probability Density and Radial Probability Functions
Chemistry and Life Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 7: Periodic Properties of the Elements
7.1 Development of the Periodic Table
7.2 Effective Nuclear Charge
7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii
Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii
7.4 Ionization Energy
Variations in Successive Ionization Energies
Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies
Electron Configurations of Ions
7.5 Electron Affinity
Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity
7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids
7.7 Trends for Group 1 and Group 2 Metals
Group 1: The Alkali Metals
Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
7.8 Trends for Selected Nonmetals
Hydrogen
Group 16: The Oxygen Group
Group 17: The Halogens
Group 18: The Noble Gases
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Effective Nuclear Charge
Chemistry Put to Work Ionic Size and Lithium-Ion Batteries
Chemistry and Life The Improbable Development of Lithium Drugs
Chapter 8: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
8.1 Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
Lewis Symbols
The Octet Rule
8.2 Ionic Bonding
Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
Electron Configurations of Ions of the s- and p-Block Elements
Transition Metal Ions
8.3 Covalent Bonding
Lewis Structures
Multiple Bonds
8.4 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity
Electronegativity
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Dipole Moments
Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonding
8.5 Drawing Lewis Structures
Formal Charge and Alternative Lewis Structures
8.6 Resonance Structures
Resonance in Benzene
8.7 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Odd Number of Electrons
Less Than an Octet of Valence Electrons
More Than an Octet of Valence Electrons
8.8 Strengths and Lengths of Covalent Bonds
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Calculation of Lattice Energies: The Born–Haber Cycle
A Closer Look Oxidation Numbers, Formal Charges, and Actual Partial Charges
Chapter 9: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
9.1 Molecular Shapes
9.2 The VSEPR Model
Applying the VSEPR Model to Determine Molecular Shapes
Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles
Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells
Shapes of Larger Molecules
9.3 Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity
9.4 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap
9.5 Hybrid Orbitals
sp Hybrid Orbitals
sp2 and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
Hypervalent Molecules
Hybrid Orbital Summary
9.6 Multiple Bonds
Resonance Structures, Delocalization, and π Bonding
General Conclusions about σ and π Bonding
9.7 Molecular Orbitals
Molecular Orbitals of the Hydrogen Molecule
Bond Order
9.8 Bonding in Period 2 Diatomic Molecules
Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2
Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals
Electron Configurations for B2 through Ne2
Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Phases in Atomic and Molecular Orbitals
Chemistry Put to Work Orbitals and Energy
Chapter 10: Gases
10.1 Characteristics of Gases
10.2 Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer
10.3 The Gas Laws
The Pressure–Volume Relationship: Boyle’s Law
The Temperature–Volume Relationship: Charles’s Law
The Quantity–Volume Relationship: Avogadro’s Law
10.4 The Ideal Gas Equation
Relating the Ideal Gas Equation and the Gas Laws
Gas Densities and Molar Mass
Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions
10.5 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions
10.6 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
Distributions of Molecular Speed
Application of Kinetic-Molecular Theory to the Gas Laws
10.7 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion
Graham’s Law of Effusion
Diffusion and Mean Free Path
10.8 Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior
The van der Waals Equation
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Blood Pressure
Strategies for Success Calculations Involving Many Variables
A Closer Look The Ideal Gas Equation
Chemistry Put to Work Gas Separations
Chapter 11: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
11.2 Intermolecular Forces
Dispersion Forces
Dipole–Dipole Interactions
Hydrogen Bonding
Ion–Dipole Forces
Comparing Intermolecular Forces
11.3 Select Properties of Liquids
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Capillary Action
11.4 Phase Changes
Energy Changes Accompany Phase Changes
Heating Curves
Critical Temperature and Pressure
11.5 Vapor Pressure
Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and Temperature
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
11.6 Phase Diagrams
The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2
11.7 Liquid Crystals
Types of Liquid Crystals
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry Put to Work Ionic Liquids
A Closer Look The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
Chemistry and Life Liquid Crystal Displays
Chapter 12: Solids and Modern Materials
12.1 Classification of Solids
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Unit Cells and Crystal Lattices
Filling the Unit Cell
12.2 Metallic Solids
The Structures of Metallic Solids
Close Packing
Alloys
Metallic Bonding
Electron-Sea Model
Molecular Orbital Model
12.3 Ionic Solids
Structures of Ionic Solids
12.4 Covalent Solids
Molecular Solids
Covalent-Network Solids
Semiconductors
Semiconductor Doping
12.5 Polymers
Making Polymers
Structure and Physical Properties of Polymers
12.6 Nanomaterials
Semiconductors on the Nanoscale
Metals on the Nanoscale
Carbon on the Nanoscale
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look X-ray Diffraction
Chemistry Put to Work Alloys of Gold
Chemistry Put to Work Solid-State Lighting
Chemistry Put to Work Modern Materials in the Automobile
Chemistry Put to Work Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
Chapter 13: Properties of Solutions
13.1 The Solution Process
The Natural Tendency toward Mixing
The Effect of Intermolecular Forces on Solution Formation
Energetics of Solution Formation
Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions
13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility
13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility
Solute–Solvent Interactions
Pressure Effects
Temperature Effects
13.4 Expressing Solution Concentration
Mass Percentage, ppm, and ppb
Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality
Converting Concentration Units
13.5 Colligative Properties
Vapor–Pressure Lowering
Boiling-Point Elevation
Freezing-Point Depression
Osmosis
Determination of Molar Mass from Colligative Properties
13.6 Colloids
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
Colloidal Motion in Liquids
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins
Chemistry and Life Blood Gases and Deep-Sea Diving
A Closer Look Ideal Solutions with Two or More Volatile Components
A Closer Look The van’t Hoff Factor
Chemistry and Life Sickle-Cell Anemia
Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics
14.1 Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
14.2 Reaction Rates
Change of Rate with Time
Instantaneous Rate
Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry
14.3 Concentration and Rate Laws
Reaction Orders: The Exponents in the Rate Law
Magnitudes and Units of Rate Constants
Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws
14.4 The Change of Concentration with Time
First-Order Reactions
Second-Order Reactions
Zero-Order Reactions
Half-Life
14.5 Temperature and Rate
The Collision Model
The Orientation Factor
Activation Energy
The Arrhenius Equation
Determining the Activation Energy
14.6 Reaction Mechanisms
Elementary Reactions
Multistep Mechanisms
Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions
The Rate-Determining Step for a Multistep Mechanism
Mechanisms with a Slow Initial Step
Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step
14.7 Catalysis
Homogeneous Catalysis
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Enzymes
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Using Spectroscopic Methods to Measure Reaction Rates: Beer’s Law
Chemistry Put to Work Bromomethane in the Atmosphere
Chemistry Put to Work Catalytic Converters
Chemistry and Life Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase
Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium
15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium
15.2 The Equilibrium Constant
Evaluating Kc
Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure, Kp
Equilibrium Constants and Units
15.3 Understanding and Working with Equilibrium Constants
The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants
The Direction of the Chemical Equation and K
Relating Chemical Equation Stoichiometry and Equilibrium Constants
Heterogeneous Equilibria
15.4 Calculating Equilibrium Constants
Applications of Equilibrium Constants
Predicting the Direction of Reaction
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
15.5 Le Châtelier’s Principle
Change in Reactant or Product Concentration
Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes
Effect of Temperature Changes
The Effect of Catalysts
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry Put to Work The Haber Process
A Closer Look Temperature Changes and Le Châtelier’s Principle
Chemistry Put to Work Controlling Nitric Oxide Emissions
Chapter 16: Acid–Base Equilibria
16.1 Acid–Base Equilibria
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
The H+ Ion in Water
Proton-Transfer Reactions
Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
16.2 The Autoionization of Water
The Ion Product of Water
16.3 The pH Scale
pOH and Other "p" Scales
Measuring pH
16.4 Strong Acids and Bases
Strong Acids
Strong Bases
16.5 Weak Acids
Calculating Ka from pH
Percent Ionization
Using Ka to Calculate pH
Polyprotic Acids
16.6 Weak Bases
Types of Weak Bases
Relationship Between Ka and Kb
16.7 Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions
An Anion’s Ability to React with Water
A Cation’s Ability to React with Water
Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution
16.8 Acid–Base Behavior and Chemical Structure
Factors That Affect Acid Strength
Binary Acids
Oxyacids
Carboxylic Acids
Lewis Acids and Bases
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Polyprotic Acids
Chemistry Put to Work Amines and Amine Hydrochlorides
Chemistry and Life The Amphiprotic Behavior of Amino Acids
Chapter 17: Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria
17.1 The Common-Ion Effect
17.2 Buffers
Composition and Action of Buffers
Calculating the pH of a Buffer
Buffer Capacity and pH Range
Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers
17.3 Acid–Base Titrations
Strong Acid–Strong Base Titrations
Weak Acid–Strong Base Titrations
Titrating with an Acid–Base Indicator
Titrations of Polyprotic Acids
17.4 Solubility Equilibria
The Solubility-Product Constant, Ksp
Solubility and Ksp
17.5 Factors That Affect Solubility
The Common-Ion Effect
Solubility and pH
Formation of Complex Ions
Amphoterism
17.6 Precipitation and Separation of Ions
Selective Precipitation of Ions
Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Blood as a Buffered Solution
A Closer Look Limitations of Solubility Products
Chemistry and Life Tooth Decay and Fluoridation
A Closer Look Lead Contamination in Drinking Water
Chapter 18: Chemistry of the Environment
18.1 Earth’s Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
Ozone in the Stratosphere
18.2 Human Activities and Earth’s Atmosphere
The Ozone Layer and Its Depletion
Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain
Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog
Greenhouse Gases: Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate
18.3 Earth’s Water
The Global Water Cycle
Salt Water: Earth’s Oceans and Seas
Freshwater and Groundwater
18.4 Human Activities and Water Quality
Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality
Water Purification: Desalination
Water Purification: Municipal Treatment
18.5 Green Chemistry
Supercritical Solvents
Greener Reagents and Processes
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Other Greenhouse Gases
A Closer Look Fracking and Water Quality
Chemistry and Life Ocean Acidification
Chapter 19: Chemical Thermodynamics
19.1 Spontaneous Processes
Seeking a Criterion for Spontaneity
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
19.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Relationship between Entropy and Heat
ΔS for Phase Changes
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
19.3 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
Expansion of a Gas at the Molecular Level
Boltzmann’s Equation and Microstates
Molecular Motions and Energy
Making Qualitative Predictions about ΔS
The Third Law of Thermodynamics
19.4 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Temperature Variation of Entropy
Standard Molar Entropies
Calculating the Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction
Entropy Changes in the Surroundings
19.5 Gibbs Free Energy
Standard Free Energy of Formation
19.6 Free Energy and Temperature
19.7 Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
Free Energy under Nonstandard Conditions
Relationship between ΔG ° and K
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look The Entropy Change When a Gas Expands Isothermally
Chemistry and Life Entropy and Human Society
A Closer Look What’s "Free" About Free Energy?
Chemistry and Life Driving Nonspontaneous Reactions: Coupling Reactions
Chapter 20: Electrochemistry
20.1 Oxidation States and Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
20.2 Balancing Redox Equations
Half-Reactions
Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions
Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution
20.3 Voltaic Cells
20.4 Cell Potentials under Standard Conditions
Standard Reduction Potentials
Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
20.5 Free Energy and Redox Reactions
Emf, Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant
20.6 Cell Potentials under Nonstandard Conditions
The Nernst Equation
Concentration Cells
20.7 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Lead–Acid Battery
Alkaline Battery
Nickel–Cadmium and Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries
Lithium-Ion Batteries
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
20.8 Corrosion
Corrosion of Iron (Rusting)
Preventing Corrosion of Iron
20.9 Electrolysis
Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Electrical Work
Chemistry and Life Heartbeats and Electrocardiography
Chemistry Put to Work Batteries for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
Chemistry Put to Work Electrometallurgy of Aluminum
Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry
21.1 Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations
Nuclear Equations
Types of Radioactive Decay
21.2 Patterns of Nuclear Stability
Neutron-to-Proton Ratio
Radioactive Decay Chains
Further Observations
Nuclear Transmutations
Accelerating Charged Particles
Reactions Involving Neutrons
Transuranium Elements
21.3 Rates of Radioactive Decay
Radiometric Dating
Calculations Based on Half-Life
21.4 Detection of Radioactivity
Radiotracers
21.5 Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Binding Energies
Nuclear Power: Fission
Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear Waste
Nuclear Power: Fusion
21.6 Radiation in the Environment and Living Systems
Radiation Doses
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Medical Applications of Radiotracers
A Closer Look The Dawning of the Nuclear Age
A Closer Look Nuclear Synthesis of the Elements
Chemistry and Life Radiation Therapy
Chapter 22: Chemistry of the Nonmetals
22.1 Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions
22.2 Hydrogen
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Properties of Hydrogen
Production of Hydrogen
Uses of Hydrogen
Binary Hydrogen Compounds
22.3 Group 18: The Noble Gases
Noble Gas Compounds
22.4 Group 17: The Halogens
Properties and Production of the Halogens
Uses of the Halogens
The Hydrogen Halides
Interhalogen Compounds
Oxyacids and Oxyanions
22.5 Oxygen
Properties of Oxygen
Production of Oxygen
Uses of Oxygen
Ozone
Oxides
Peroxides and Superoxides
22.6 The Other Group 16 Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po
Occurrence and Production of S, Se, and Te
Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
Sulfides
Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Sulfur
22.7 Nitrogen
Properties of Nitrogen
Production and Uses of Nitrogen
Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen
Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen
22.8 The Other Group 15 Elements: P, As, Sb, and Bi
Occurrence, Isolation, and Properties of Phosphorus
Phosphorus Halides
Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus
22.9 Carbon
Elemental Forms of Carbon
Oxides of Carbon
Carbonic Acid and Carbonates
Carbides
22.10 The Other Group 14 Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb
General Characteristics of the Group 14 Elements
Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon
Silicates
Glass
Silicones
22.11 Boron
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look The Hydrogen Economy
Chemistry and Life Nitroglycerin, Nitric Oxide, and Heart Disease
Chemistry and Life Arsenic in Drinking Water
Chemistry Put to Work Carbon Fibers and Composites
Chapter 23: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
23.1 The Transition Metals
Physical Properties
Electron Configurations and Oxidation States
Magnetism
23.2 Transition-Metal Complexes
The Development of Coordination Chemistry: Werner’s Theory
The Metal–Ligand Bond
Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries
23.3 Common Ligands in Coordination Chemistry
Metals and Chelates in Living Systems
23.4 Nomenclature and Isomerism in Coordination Chemistry
Isomerism
Constitutional Isomerism
Stereoisomerism
23.5 Color and Magnetism in Coordination Chemistry
Color
Magnetism of Coordination Compounds
23.6 Crystal-Field Theory
Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes
Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Learning Outcomes
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Entropy and the Chelate Effect
Chemistry and Life The Battle for Iron in Living Systems
A Closer Look Charge-Transfer Color
Chapter 24: The Chemistry of Organic Compounds
24.1 General Characteristics of Organic Molecules
The Structure of Organic Molecules
The Stabilities of Organic Molecules
24.2 An Introduction to Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Applications and Physical Properties of Alkanes
Homologous Series
24.3 Structures of Alkanes
Alkane Shape and Conformations
Constitutional/Structural Isomers
24.4 Alkane Nomenclature
24.5 Cycloalkanes
24.6 Organic Functional Groups
24.7 Reactions of Alkanes
Combustion
Classification of C and H
Free-Radical Reactions and Electron Movement
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Key Skills
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Petroleum Products
Chemistry and Life Structure–Activity Relationships
A Closer Look Reactivity by Carbon Classification
Chapter 25: Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds
25.1 Stereochemistry in Organic Chemistry
25.2 Cis–Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
25.3 Chirality in Organic Compounds
25.4 Measuring Optical Activity
25.5 Absolute Stereochemistry
Using Priority Rules to Find a Stereocenter’s Absolute Configuration
25.6 Molecules with More than One Stereocenter
Resolution: Separating Enantiomers
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Key Skills
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Chiral Drugs
Chapter 26: Chemistry of Alkenes and Alkynes
26.1 The Structure of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
The π-bond
Bonding in Alkenes
Bonding in Alkynes
26.2 Isomerism and Nomenclature
Isomerism in Alkenes—The E, Z System
Alkynes
26.3 Arrow Notation and Resonance Structures: Electron Counting
26.4 Electrophilic Addition Reactions
Addition Reactions Involving HX (X = Cl, Br, I)
Addition Reactions Involving H2O
Halogenation: Addition of Br2 and Cl2
Halohydrin Formation
26.5 Alkanes from Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
26.6 Addition Polymerization
Making Polymers
Structure and Physical Properties of Addition Polymers
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Key Skills
Key Equations
Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Terpenes and Isoprene
Chemistry and Life The Chemistry of Vision
A Closer Look Describing Charge
A Closer Look Stereochemistry in Halohydrin Formation
A Closer Look Hydrogenation
Chemistry and Life Recycling Plastics
Chemistry and Life The Accidental Discovery of Teflon®
Chemistry and Life Vulcanization
Chapter 27: Alcohols, Haloalkanes, and Ethers
27.1 Alcohols: Structure, Properties, and Nomenclature
Common Alcohols
Naming Alcohols
Classifying Alcohols
27.2 Haloalkanes
27.3 Ethers: Structure, Properties, and Nomenclature
Naming Ethers
27.4 Reactions of Alcohols
Alkoxides
Basicity of Alcohols
Alcohols to Haloalkanes
Dehydration of Alcohols
27.5 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes
27.6 Haloalkanes to Alkenes: β-Elimination
27.7 Substitution versus Elimination
E1 and SN1 Reactions
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Key Skills
Key Equations
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Vitamin D
Chemistry and Life The Solubility Nexus
A Closer Look Crown Ethers
A Closer Look Molecularity
A Closer Look Nucleophile or Lewis Base?
Chemistry and Life Polymerization versus Macrocyclization
Chapter 28: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carbohydrates
28.1 Aldehydes, Ketones, and the Carbonyl Group
28.2 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Oxidation of 1° and 2° Alcohols
Ozonolysis
28.3 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles—Grignard Reactions
Addition of Nitrogen and Oxygen Nucleophiles: Formation of Imines and Acetals
Reduction Reactions
Cyanohydrins
Tautomerism in Aldehydes and Ketones
Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
28.4 Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Cyclic versus Open-Chain Structures
Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Key Skills
Key Equations
Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Glucosamine
Chemistry and Life Cyclodextrins
Chemistry and Life Vitamin C
Chapter 29: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
29.1 Carboxylic Acids
Structure, Properties, and Nomenclature
Acidity
29.2 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
29.3 Esters and Esterification
29.4 Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Soaps and Detergents
29.5 Acid Chlorides, Anhydrides, and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
29.6 Condensation Polymerization
Polymers for Medicine
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Key Skills
Key Equations
Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Steroids
Chemistry and Life Towards the Plastic Car
Chemistry and Life Biodegradable Sutures
Chapter 30: Benzene and its Derivatives
30.1 The Structure of Benzene
Bonding in Benzene
30.2 Isomerism and Nomenclature in Aromatic Compounds
Phenols
30.3 Aromaticity
30.4 Acidity of Phenols
30.5 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) Reactions
Directing Groups and Substitution Effects
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Key Skills
Key Equations
Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life The Discovery of Liquid Crystals
A Closer Look Organic Dyes
Chapter 31: Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds
31.1 Amines and the Amide Bond
Amines
Reactivity of Amines
Synthesis of Amines
Amides
31.2 Amino Acids
Acid–Base Properties
Reactions Involving Amino Acids
31.3 Proteins, Peptides, and Enzymes
Coding Peptides
Protein Structure
Enzymes
Sequencing of Peptides and Proteins
31.4 Nucleic Acids and DNA
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Key Skills
Key Equations
Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
Chemistry and Life Amines and Amine Hydrochlorides
A Closer Look Sickle-Cell Anemia
Chemistry and Life B Group Vitamins
Chapter 32: Solving Molecular Structure
32.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
32.2 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
The Spring Model
Measuring IR Spectra
32.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Frequencies
The Chemical Shift
Sample Preparation
Interpreting NMR Spectra
Integration
Spin–Spin Coupling
13C NMR Spectra
32.4 Mass Spectrometry
Electron Impact Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Interpreting Mass Spectra
32.5 Compound Identification Using Spectra
Deducing the Molecular Formula of an Organic Compound
Chemical Wet Testing: Tests for Functional Groups
Using Analysis from Instrumental Techniques
Chapter Summary and Key Terms
Key Skills
Key Equations
Exercises
Integrative Exercises
Design an Experiment
A Closer Look Using Spectroscopic Methods to Measure Reaction Rates
Appendices
Appendix A: Mathematical Operations
Appendix B: Properties of Water
Appendix C: Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25 °C)
Appendix D: Aqueous Equilibrium Constants
Appendix E: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C
Answers to Selected Exercises
Answers to Go Figure
Answers to Selected Practice Exercises
Glossary
Photo and Art Credits
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Common Ions
Fundamental Constants
Useful Conversion Factors and Relationships
Color Chart for Common Elements