This textbook introduces the industrial production and processing of natural resources. It is divided into six major topics (fats and oils, carbohydrates, lignin, terpenoids, other natural products, biorefinery), which are divided into a total of 20 chapters.
Each chapter is self-contained and therefore a compact learning unit, which can be worked on by students in self-study or presented by lecturers. Clear illustrations, flow diagrams, apparatus drawings and photos facilitate the understanding of the subject matter. All chapters end with a succinct summary, the "Take Home Messages". Each chapter is supplemented by ten short test questions, which can be solved quickly after working through the chapter; the answers are at the end of the book. All chapters contain bibliographical references that focus on essential textbooks and reference works. As a prior knowledge, only basic knowledge of chemistry is required.
Author(s): Arno Behr, Thomas Seidensticker
Edition: 1st ed. 2020
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 409
Foreword
Preface
Contents
1 The Overview - Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.2 The Different Types of Renewable Raw Materials
1.3 Comparison with Fossil Raw Materials
1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Raw Materials
BOX: The SWOT analysis
References
I Fats and Oils
Anchor 2
2 The Raw Materials of Oleochemistry - Oil Plants
2.1 Introduction to Oleochemistry
BOX: The Lazy Oleochemist
2.2 Overview of Important Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats
2.2.1 Coconut Oil
BOX: The Trained Monkeys
2.2.2 Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil
BOX: Quality Criteria for Oleochemists
2.2.3 Rapeseed Oil
2.2.4 Sunflower Oil
BOX: MUFA or PUFA?
2.2.5 Soybean Oil
2.2.6 Linseed Oil from Flax Plants
2.2.7 Castor Oil
2.2.8 Olive Oil
2.2.9 Safflower Oil
2.2.10 Jatropha Oil
BOX: An Oil that Is not an Oil at All
2.2.11 Other Fats and Oils
BOX: The Healthy Eskimo
2.3 Some Numbers
References
3 The Basics of Oleochemistry - Basic Oleochemicals
3.1 Production of Basic Oleochemicals
3.1.1 Fat Splitting
3.1.2 Transesterification
3.1.3 Saponification
3.1.4 Direct Hydrogenation
BOX: The Oleochemical Industry: Yesterday - Today - Tomorrow
3.2 Reactions at the Carboxy Group of Fatty Acids
3.2.1 Hydrogenation to Fatty Alcohols
BOX: Fatty Alcohols - A Retroperspective and a Look at the Competitors
3.2.2 Conversions of Fatty Alcohols
Ethoxylation of Fatty Alcohols to Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates (FAE)
Sulfation of Fatty Alcohols to Fatty Alcohol Sulfates (FAS)
BOX: The Correct Nomenclature for SO3 Reactions
BOX: A Typical Hair Shampoo
Sulfation of Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates to Fatty Alcohol Ether Sulfates (FAES)
Fischer Reaction of Fatty Alcohols with Glucose to Alkyl Polyglucosides (APG)
Condensation of Fatty Alcohols Using the Guerbet Reaction
3.2.3 Conversions to Fatty Amines
3.2.4 Other Fatty Acid Derivatives
References
4 There is More to Oleochemistry - Reactions at the Fatty Acid Alkyl Chain
4.1 Synthesis of Substituted Fatty Acids
4.2 Reactions at the C=C Double Bond of Unsaturated Oleochemicals
4.2.1 Linkage of New C–O Bonds
4.2.2 Linkage of New C–C Bonds
Hydroformylation and Related Reactions
Hydrocarboxylation and Alkoxycarbonylation
Dimerization
Metathesis
BOX: Can Cashew Nuts Attract Tsetse Flies?
Chemistry of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
New Oleochemical Polymers
4.2.3 Linkage of New C-H Bonds
4.2.4 Further Additions to the C=C Double Bonds of Oleochemicals
References
5 The Coproduct of Oleochemistry - Glycerol
BOX: A Brief Look at the History of Glycerol
5.1 Properties and Use of Glycerol
5.2 Glyceryl Esters
BOX: The History of “Nitroglycerol”
BOX: The Slim Japanese
BOX: Anything Is Good, if It Is Made of Chocolate
5.3 Glycerol Ether
5.3.1 Glycerol Oligomers
5.3.2 Glycerol Polymers
5.3.3 Glycerol Alkyl Ether
5.3.4 Glycerol Alkenyl Ether
5.4 Glycerol Acetals and Ketals
5.5 From Glycerol to Propanediols
5.6 From Glycerol to Epichlorohydrin
5.7 Glycerol Oxidation
5.8 Dehydration of Glycerol to Acrolein
5.9 From Glycerol to Synthesis Gas
References
II Carbohydrates
Anchor 2
6 Sweet Chemistry - Mono- and Disaccharides
6.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates
BOX: The Discovery of Carbohydrates and the “Sugar Pope” Emil Fischer
6.2 Monosaccharides
6.2.1 Fermentative Conversions
6.2.2 Chemical Conversions of Monosaccharides
Dehydration Reactions
Oxidation Reactions
Hydrogenation Reactions
Glycosidation Reactions
Esterification Reactions
Amination Reactions
6.3 Disaccharides
6.3.1 Sucrose Production
6.3.2 Sucrose Processing
6.4 Outlook on Further Oligo- and Polysaccharides
References
7 From Wood to Pulp - Cellulose
7.1 Occurrence and Production of Cellulose
BOX: The Discovery of Cellulose
BOX: Hemp - A Plant with Many Faces
7.2 Manufacture of Paper
7.3 Derivatization of Cellulose
7.3.1 Regenerated Cellulose
BOX: What Is Nanocellulose?
7.3.2 Cellulose Esters
BOX: The Risky Properties of Cellulose Nitrates
7.3.3 Cellulose Ether
References
8 Products with a Little Twist - Starch
8.1 Structure and Occurrence
BOX: The Small Change from α to β
BOX: A Brief History of Starch
8.2 Starch Production
8.3 Use of Starch
BOX: The Classification of Hydrolyzed Starches - The Dextrose Equivalent
8.4 Starch Products
8.4.1 Partially Hydrolyzed Starches
8.4.2 Starch Saccharification Products
8.4.3 Chemical Derivatization of Starch
Starch Esters
Inorganic Esters
Organic Esters
Starch Ether
Oxidized Starch Products
References
9 Carbohydrates from the Sea - Chitin, Chitosan and Algae
9.1 Structure and Occurrence of Chitin and Chitosan
BOX: The Difficult Discovery of Chitin
9.2 Production of Chitin and Chitosan
9.3 Properties and Applications of Chitin and Chitosan
9.3.1 Properties and Applications of Chitin
9.3.2 Properties and Applications of Chitosan
9.4 Other Marine Polysaccharides
9.4.1 Alginic Acid and Alginates
9.4.2 Carrageenans
9.4.3 Agar-Agar
BOX: The Harvesting and Production of Algae
References
10 Cyclic Carbohydrates - Cyclodextrins
10.1 Chemical Structure of Cyclodextrins
10.2 Manufacture of Cyclodextrins
BOX: The Winding Discovery of Cyclodextrins
10.3 Applications of Cyclodextrins
10.4 Derivatives of Cyclodextrins
References
III Lignin
Anchor 2
11 The “Wood-Stuff” - Lignin
11.1 Occurrence of Lignin
11.2 Structure of Lignin
11.2.1 Monolignols
11.2.2 Binding Pattern of Lignin
11.2.3 Composition of Lignin
11.3 Lignin Recovery
11.3.1 Classical Wood Pulping Processes
11.3.2 Alternative Wood Pulping Methods for Lignin Recovery
11.4 Use of Lignin
11.4.1 Use of Lignin as a Dispersing Agent
11.4.2 Use of Lignin in Biomaterials
11.4.3 Use of Lignin for the Production of Chemicals
BOX: Whisky and Lignin
BOX: Biosolvents from Lignin?
References
IV Terpenoids
Anchor 2
12 The Balm of the Trees - Terpenes
12.1 Structure and Production of Terpenes
BOX: How Were the Complex Structures of Terpenes Identified?
12.2 Monoterpenes
12.3 Higher Terpene Oligomers
BOX: A Sesquiterpene for Malaria Control
References
13 Elastomers from Nature! - Polyterpenes
13.1 Introduction to Polyterpenes
BOX: Dandelion Tires
BOX: How Was Natural Rubber Discovered?
13.2 Production of Natural Rubber
13.3 Properties, Processing and Use of Natural Rubber
BOX: How Caoutchouc Did Become Rubber?
References
V Other Natural Substances
Anchor 2
14 Building Blocks of Life - Amino Acids
14.1 Amino Acids
BOX: The Miller–Urey Experiment
14.2 Peptides
14.3 Proteins
BOX: The Optimally Grilled Steak
BOX: Can Milk Proteins Replace Plastic?
References
15 Showing Your Colors Sustainably! - Natural Dyes
15.1 Looking Back in History
BOX: Colorful Easter Eggs in a Quite Natural Way
15.2 Tyrian Purple
15.3 Alizarin
15.4 Indigo, the “King of Dyes”
BOX: Indigo - Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
15.5 Other Natural Dyes
BOX: “Holy” Yellow from India: Indian Yellow
References
16 Nature’s Pharmacy - Natural Pharmaceuticals
16.1 Herbal Pharmaceuticals
16.2 Aspirin
16.3 Caffeine
BOX: Decaffeination: “The Impotent Coffee”
16.4 Quinine
BOX: Shaken or Stirred?
16.5 Morphine
16.6 Penicillins and Cephalosporins
16.7 Steroids
References
17 Vital Amines - Vitamins
17.1 Overview of the Vitamins
17.2 The Vitamins in Detail
17.2.1 Vitamin A (Retinol)
17.2.2 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
17.2.3 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
17.2.4 Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
17.2.5 Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
17.2.6 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
17.2.7 Vitamin B7 (Biotin, Vitamin H)
17.2.8 Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
17.2.9 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
17.2.10 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
BOX: A “Good Hot Lemon”
17.2.11 Vitamin D (Calciferols)
17.2.12 Vitamin E (Tocopherols)
17.2.13 Vitamin K (Phylloquinone and Others)
References
18 Enchanting Chemistry - Natural Flavors and Fragrances
18.1 Definition and History
BOX: The “Perfume Capital” Grasse
BOX: Genuine Eau de Cologne
18.2 Fragrances and Flavors in Chemical Industry
BOX: The Taste of Vanilla
18.3 Extraction of Essential Oils
References
19 Plastics from Nature - Biopolymers
19.1 Definition and Classifications
BOX: Radiocarbon Dating
BOX: Composting of Bioplastics
19.2 Biopolymer Representatives
19.2.1 Polymers from Nature
Cellulose
Lignin
Starch
Chitin and Chitosan
Collagens
Keratins
Silk
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Cork/Suberine
Shellac
Natural Rubber/Guttapercha
19.2.2 Biopolymers from Biogenic Monomers
Polylactic Acid
Other Biogenic Monomers
References
VI Biorefinery
Anchor 2
20 Refined Raw Materials! – Biorefineries
20.1 Definition of Biorefineries
20.2 Classification of Biorefineries
BOX: Grass-Green Biorefinery
20.3 Examples of Biorefineries
BOX: Bioethanol Production in Brazil
BOX: Biomass-to-Liquids (BtL): Bioliq®
BOX: Europes Biorefineries
References
Answers to the Quickies
Index
