Chemistry in Focus: A Molecular View of Our World

Cover
About the Author
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Molecular Reasons
1.1 Firesticks
1.2 Molecular Reasons
1.3 The Scientist and the Artist
1.4 The First People to Wonder about Molecular Reasons
1.5 Immortality and Endless Riches
1.6 The Beginning of Modern Science
1.7 The Classification of Matter
1.8 The Properties of Matter
1.9 The Development of the Atomic Theory
1.10 The Nuclear Atom
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 2: The Chemist's Toolbox
2.1 Curious about Oranges
2.2 Measurement
2.3 Scientific Notation
2.4 Units in Measurement
2.5 Converting between Units
2.6 Reading Graphs
2.7 Problem Solving
2.8 Density: A Measure of Compactness
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 3: Atoms and Elements
3.1 A Walk on the Beach
3.2 Protons Determine the Element
3.3 Electrons
3.4 Neutrons
3.5 Specifying an Atom
3.6 Atomic Mass
3.7 The Periodic Law
3.8 A Theory That Explains the Periodic Law: The Bohr Model
3.9 The Quantum Mechanical Model for the Atom
3.10 Families of Elements
3.11 A Dozen Nails and a Mole of Atoms
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 4: Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Reactions
4.1 Molecules Cause the Behavior of Matter
4.2 Chemical Compounds and Chemical Formulas
4.3 Ionic and Molecular Compounds
4.4 Naming Compounds
4.5 Formula Mass and Molar Mass of Compounds
4.6 Composition of Compounds: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
4.7 Forming and Transforming Compounds: Chemical Reactions
4.8 Reaction Stoichiometry: Chemical Equations as Conversion Factors
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding
5.1 From Poison to Seasoning
5.2 Chemical Bonding and Professor G. N. Lewis
5.3 Ionic Lewis Structures
5.4 Covalent Lewis Structures
5.5 Chemical Bonding in Ozone
5.6 The Shapes of Molecules
5.7 Water: Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 6: Organic Chemistry
6.1 Carbon
6.2 A Vital Force
6.3 The Simplest Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons
6.4 Isomers
6.5 Naming Hydrocarbons
6.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Kekule's Dream
6.7 Functionalized Hydrocarbons
6.8 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Pesticides and Solvents
6.9 Alcohols: To Drink and to Disinfect
6.10 Aldehydes and Ketones: Smoke and Raspberries
6.11 Carboxylic Acids: Vinegar and Bee Stings
6.12 Esters and Ethers: Fruit and Anesthesia
6.13 Amines: The Smell of Rotten Fish
6.14 A Look at a Label
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 7: Light and Color
7.1 A New England Fall
7.2 Light
7.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
7.4 Excited Electrons
7.5 Identifying Molecules and Atoms with Light
7.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Spectroscopy of the Human Body
7.7 Lasers
7.8 Lasers in Medicine
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 8: Nuclear Chemistry
8.1 A Tragedy
8.2 An Accidental Discovery
8.3 Radioactivity
8.4 Half-Life
8.5 Nuclear Fission
8.6 The Manhattan Project
8.7 Nuclear Power
8.8 Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy
8.9 Fusion
8.10 The Effect of Radiation on Human Life
8.11 Carbon Dating and the Shroud of Turin
8.12 Uranium and the Age of Earth
8.13 Nuclear Medicine
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 9: Energy for Today
9.1 Molecules in Motion
9.2 Our Absolute Reliance on Energy
9.3 Energy and Its Transformations: You Cannot Get Something for Nothing
9.4 Nature's Heat Tax: Energy Must Be Dispersed
9.5 Units of Energy
9.6 Temperature and Heat Capacity
9.7 Chemistry and Energy
9.8 Energy for Our Society
9.9 Electricity from Fossil Fuels
9.10 Smog
9.11 Acid Rain
9.12 Environmental Problems Associated with Fossil-Fuel Use: Global Warming
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 10: Energy for Tomorrow: Solar and Other Renewable Energy Sources
10.1 Earth's Ultimate Energy Source: The Sun
10.2 Hydroelectric Power: The World's Most Used Solar Energy Source
10.3 Wind Power
10.4 Concentrating Solar Power: Focusing and Storing the Sun
10.5 Photovoltaic Energy: From Light to Electricity with No Moving Parts
10.6 Energy Storage: The Plague of Solar Sources
10.7 Biomass: Energy from Plants
10.8 Geothermal Power
10.9 Nuclear Power
10.10 Efficiency and Conservation
10.11 2050 World: A Speculative Glimpse into the Future
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 11: The Air around Us
11.1 Air Bags
11.2 A Gas Is a Swarm of Particles
11.3 Pressure
11.4 The Relationships between Gas Properties
11.5 The Atmosphere: What Is in It?
11.6 The Atmosphere: A Layered Structure
11.7 Air Pollution: An Environmental Problem in the Troposphere
11.8 Cleaning Up Air Pollution: The Clean Air Act
11.9 Ozone Depletion: An Environmental Problem in the Stratosphere
11.10 The Montreal Protocol: The End of Chlorofluorocarbons
11.11 Myths Concerning Ozone Depletion
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 12: The Liquids and Solids around Us: Especially Water
12.1 No Gravity, No Spills
12.2 Liquids and Solids
12.3 Separating Molecules: Melting and Boiling
12.4 The Forces That Hold Us-and Everything Else-Together
12.5 Smelling Molecules: The Chemistry of Perfume
12.6 Chemists Have Solutions
12.7 Water: An Oddity among Molecules
12.8 Water: Where Is It and How Did It Get There?
12.9 Water: Pure or Polluted?
12.10 Hard Water: Good for Our Health, Bad for Our Pipes
12.11 Biological Contaminants
12.12 Chemical Contaminants
12.13 Ensuring Good Water Quality: The Safe Drinking Water Act
12.14 Public Water Treatment
12.15 Home Water Treatment
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 13: Acids and Bases: The Molecules Responsible for Sour and Bitter
13.1 If It Is Sour, It Is Probably an Acid
13.2 The Properties of Acids: Tasting Sour and Dissolving Metals
13.3 The Properties of Bases: Tasting Bitter and Feeling Slippery
13.4 Acids and Bases: Molecular Definitions
13.5 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
13.6 Specifying the Concentration of Acids and Bases: The pH Scale
13.7 Some Common Acids
13.8 Some Common Bases
13.9 Acid Rain: Extra Acidity from the Combustion of Fossil Fuels
13.10 Acid Rain: The Effects
13.11 Cleaning Up Acid Rain: The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 14: Oxidation and Reduction
14.1 Rust
14.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
14.3 Some Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
14.4 Respiration and Photosynthesis
14.5 Batteries: Making Electricity with Chemistry
14.6 Fuel Cells
14.7 Corrosion: The Chemistry of Rust
14.8 Oxidation, Aging, and Antioxidants
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 15: The Chemistry of Household Products
15.1 Cleaning Clothes with Molecules
15.2 Soap: A Surfactant
15.3 Synthetic Detergents: Surfactants for Hard Water
15.4 Laundry-Cleaning Formulations
15.5 Corrosive Cleaners
15.6 Hair Products
15.7 Skin Products
15.8 Facial Cosmetics
15.9 Perfumes and Deodorants: Producing Pleasant Odors and Eliminating Unpleasant Ones
15.10 Polymers and Plastics
15.11 Copolymers: Nylon, Polyethylene Terephthalate, and Polycarbonate
15.12 Rubber
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 16: Biochemistry and Biotechnology
16.1 Brown Hair, Blue Eyes, and Big Mice
16.2 Lipids and Fats
16.3 Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Sawdust
16.4 Proteins: More Than Muscle
16.5 Protein Structure
16.6 Some Common Proteins
16.7 Nucleic Acids: The Blueprint for Proteins
16.8 Recombinant DNA Technology
16.9 Cloning
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answers
Chapter 17: Drugs and Medicine: Healing, Helping, and Hurting
17.1 Love and Depression
17.2 Relieving Pain, Reducing Fever, and Lowering Inflammation
17.3 Killing Microscopic Bugs: Antibiotics
17.4 Antiviral Drugs and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
17.5 Sex Hormones and the Pill
17.6 Steroids
17.7 Chemicals to Fight Cancer
17.8 Depressants: Drugs That Dull the Mind
17.9 Narcotics: Drugs That Diminish Pain
17.10 Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamine
17.11 Legal Stimulants: Caffeine and Nicotine
17.12 Hallucinogenic Drugs: Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
17.13 Marijuana
17.14 Prozac and Zoloft: SSRIs
Summary
Key Terms
Exercises
Feature Problems and Projects
Self-Check Answer
Appendix 1: Significant Figures
Appendix 2: Answers to Selected Exercises
Appendix 3: Answers to Your Turn Questions
Glossary
Index