Chemistry in Context 9th Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Chapter 1 Portable Electronics: The Periodic Table in the Palm of Your Hand......Page 21
1.1 What's the Matter with Materials? A Survey of the Periodic Table......Page 23
1.2 Atomic Legos-Atoms as Building Blocks for Matter......Page 26
1.3 Compounding the Complexity- From Elements to Compounds......Page 27
1.4 What Makes Atoms Tick? Atomic Structure......Page 30
1.5 One-Touch Surfing: How Do Touchscreens Work?......Page 31
1.6 A Look at the Elements in Their Natural States......Page 33
1.7 Chemical Rock-'n-Roll: How Do We Obtain Pure Metals from Complex Rocks?......Page 35
1.8 Your Cell Phone Started with a Day at the Beach: From Sand to Silicon......Page 37
1.9 More Fun at the Beach: From Sand to Glass......Page 43
1.10 From Cradle to Grave: The Life Cycle of a Cell Phone......Page 47
1.11 Howdy Neighbor, May We Borrow a Few Metals? The Importance of Recycling and Protecting Our Supply Chains......Page 51
Learning Outcomes......Page 53
Questions......Page 54
Chapter 2 The Air We Breathe......Page 57
2.1 Why Do We Breathe?......Page 58
2.2 Defining the Invisible: What Is Air?......Page 59
2.3 You Are What You Breathe......Page 61
2.4 What Else Is in the Air?......Page 63
2.5 Home Sweet Home: The Troposphere......Page 64
2.6 I Can "See" You! Visualizing the Particles in the Air......Page 65
2.7 A Chemical Meet & Greet- Naming Molecular Compounds......Page 66
2.8 The Dangerous Few: A Look at Air Pollutants......Page 68
2.9 Are You Feeling Lucky? Assessing the Risk of Air Pollutants......Page 70
2.10 Is It Safe to Leave My House? Air Quality Monitoring and Reporting......Page 73
2.11 The Origin of Pollutants: Who's to Blame?......Page 76
2.12 More Oxygen, Please: The Effect of Combustion on Air Quality......Page 79
2.13 Air Pollutants: Direct Sources......Page 81
2.14 Ozone: A Secondary Pollutant......Page 85
2.15 Are We Really Safe from Polluted Air by Staying Indoors?......Page 88
2.16 Is There a Sustainable Way Forward?......Page 90
Conclusions......Page 91
Questions......Page 92
Chapter 3 Radiation from the Sun......Page 97
3.1 Dissecting the Sun: The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 98
3.2 The Personalities of Radiation......Page 103
3.3 The ABCs of Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 105
3.4 The Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 106
3.5 The Atmosphere as Natural Protection......Page 110
3.6 Counting Molecules: How Can We Measure the Ozone Concentration?......Page 112
3.7 How Does Ozone Decompose in UV Light?......Page 113
3.8 How Safe Is Our Protective Ozone Layer?......Page 117
3.9 Chemistry to the Rescue Detriment? Human Roles in the Destruction of the Ozone Layer......Page 120
3.10 Where Do We Go from Here: Can the Ozone Hole Be Restored?......Page 124
3.11 How Do Sunscreens Work?......Page 128
Learning Outcomes......Page 132
Questions......Page 133
Chapter 4 Climate Change......Page 137
4.1 Carbon, Carbon Everywhere!......Page 139
4.2 Where Did All the Carbon Atoms Go?......Page 142
4.3 Quantifying Carbon-First Stop: Mass......Page 144
4.4 Quantifying Carbon-Next Stop: Molecules and Moles......Page 146
4.5 Why Does It Matter Where Carbon Atoms End Up?......Page 149
4.6 Warming by Greenhouse Gases: Good, Bad, or a Little of Both?......Page 151
4.7 How Do You Recognize a "Greenhouse Gas"?......Page 152
4.8 How Do Greenhouse Gases Work?......Page 157
4.9 How Can We Learn from Our Past?......Page 161
4.10 Can We Predict the Future?......Page 167
4.11 A Look at Our Future World......Page 172
4.12 Action Plans to Prevent Future Global Catastrophes-Who and How?......Page 177
Conclusions......Page 183
Learning Outcomes......Page 184
Questions......Page 185
Chapter 5 Energy from Combustion......Page 189
5.1 Fossil Fuels: A Prehistoric Fill-Up at the Gas Station......Page 191
5.2 Burn, Baby! Burn! The Process of Combustion......Page 193
5.3 What Is "Energy"?......Page 195
5.4 How Hot Is "Hot"? Measuring Energy Changes......Page 196
5.5 Hyperactive Fuels: How Is Energy Released during Combustion?......Page 201
5.6 Fossil Fuels and Electricity......Page 204
5.7 How Efficient Is a Power Plant?......Page 206
5.8 Power from Ancient Plants: Coal......Page 209
5.9 From Steam Engines to Sports Cars: The Shift from Coal to Oil......Page 214
5.10 Squeezing Oil from Rock: How Long Can This Continue?......Page 215
5.11 Natural Gas: A "Clean" Fossil Fuel?......Page 217
5.12 Cracking the Whip: How Do We Obtain Useful Petroleum Products from Crude Oil?......Page 219
5.13 What's in Gasoline?......Page 223
5.14 New Uses for an Old Fuel......Page 226
5.15 From Brewery to Fuel Tank: Ethanol......Page 227
5.16 From Deep Fryer to Fuel Tank: Biofuels......Page 231
5.17 Are Biofuels Really Sustainable?......Page 235
Learning Outcomes......Page 240
Questions......Page 241
Chapter 6 Energy from Alternative Sources......Page 247
6.1 From Nuclear Energy to Bombs: The Splitting of Atomic Nuclei......Page 249
6.2 Harnessing a Nuclear Fission Reaction: How Nuclear Power Plants Produce Electricity......Page 254
6.3 What Is Radioactivity?......Page 258
6.4 How Long Do Substances Remain Radioactive?......Page 261
6.5 What Are the Risks of Nuclear Power?......Page 264
6.6 Is There a Future for Nuclear Power?......Page 268
6.7 Solar Power: Electricity from the Sun......Page 271
6.8 Solar Energy: Electronic "Pinball" Inside a Crystal......Page 274
6.9 Beyond Solar: Electricity from Other Renewable (Sustainable) Sources......Page 280
Learning Outcomes......Page 285
Questions......Page 286
Chapter 7 Energy Storage......Page 289
7.1 How Does a Battery Work?......Page 292
7.2 Ohm, Sweet Ohm!......Page 294
7.3 Batteries, Batteries Everywhere!......Page 296
7.4 (Almost) Endless Power-on-the-Go: Rechargeable Batteries......Page 297
7.5 Lead-Acid: The World's Most Widely Used (and Heaviest!) Rechargeable Battery......Page 300
7.6 Vehicles Powered by Electricity......Page 301
7.7 Storage Wars: Supercapacitors vs. Batteries......Page 304
7.8 Higher MPGs with Less Emissions: Gasoline-Electric Hybrid Vehicles......Page 306
7.9 Fuel Cells: The Basics......Page 309
7.10 Hydrogen for Fuel Cell Vehicles......Page 313
7.11 My Battery Died-Now What?......Page 317
Learning Outcomes......Page 320
Questions......Page 321
Chapter 8 Water Everywhere: A Most Precious Resource......Page 325
8.1 Solids and Liquids and Gases, Oh My!......Page 328
8.2 The Unique Composition of Water......Page 329
8.3 The Key Role of Hydrogen Bonding......Page 332
8.4 Where, Oh Where Is All the Water?......Page 335
8.5 Help! There Is Something in My Water......Page 339
8.6 How Much Is OK? Quantifying Water Quality......Page 343
8.7 A Deeper Look at Solutes......Page 346
8.8 Corrosive and Caustic: The Properties and Impacts of Acids and Bases......Page 353
8.9 Heartburn? Tums® to the Rescue: Acid/Base Neutralization!......Page 357
8.10 Quantifying Acidity/Basicity: The pH Scale......Page 359
8.11 Acid's Effect on Water......Page 360
8.12 Treating Our Water......Page 364
8.13 Water Solutions for Global Challenges......Page 367
Learning Outcomes......Page 371
Questions......Page 372
Chapter 9 The World of Polymers and Plastics......Page 377
9.1 Polymers Here, There, and Everywhere......Page 378
9.2 Polymers: Long, Long Chains......Page 379
9.3 Adding Up the Monomers......Page 381
9.4 Got Polyethylene?......Page 383
9.5 The "Big Six": Theme and Variations......Page 386
9.6 Cross-Linking Monomers......Page 392
9.7 From Proteins to Stockings: Polyamides......Page 396
9.8 Dealing with Our Solid Waste: The Four Rs......Page 398
9.9 Recycling Plastics: The Bigger Picture......Page 402
9.10 From Plants to Plastics......Page 408
9.11 A New "Normal"?......Page 410
Conclusions......Page 412
Questions......Page 413
Chapter 10 Brewing and Chewing......Page 417
10.1 What's in a Mouthful? The Science of Taste......Page 419
10.2 How Does Smell Affect Taste?......Page 420
10.3 The Kitchen Laboratory......Page 422
10.4 The Science of Recipes......Page 423
10.5 Kitchen Instrumentation: Flames, Pans, and Water......Page 425
10.6 Cooking in a Vacuum: Not Just for Astronauts!......Page 430
10.7 Microwave Cooking: Fast and Easy......Page 432
10.8 Cooking with Chemistry: No-Heat Food Preparation......Page 433
10.9 How Can I Tell When My Food Is Ready?......Page 435
10.10 Exploiting the Three States of Matter in Our Kitchen......Page 438
10.12 From Moonshine to Sophisticated Liqueurs: Distillation......Page 442
10.13 Extraction: Coffees and Teas......Page 444
Questions......Page 445
Chapter 11 Nutrition......Page 447
11.1 You Are What You Eat......Page 449
11.2 From Buttery Popcorn to Cheesecake: Lipids......Page 451
11.3 Fats and Oils: Not Necessarily a Bad Thing!......Page 455
11.4 Carbohydrates: The Sweet and Starchy......Page 460
11.5 How Sweet It Is: Sugars and Sugar Substitutes......Page 463
11.6 Proteins: First among Equals......Page 466
11.7 Vitamins and Minerals: The Other Essentials......Page 471
11.8 Food for Energy......Page 475
11.9 Food Safety: What Else Is in Our Food?......Page 479
11.10 The Real Costs of Food Production......Page 481
11.11 From Field to Fork I: The Carbon Footprint of Foods......Page 484
11.12 From Field to Fork II: The Nitrogen Footprint of Foods......Page 487
11.13 Food Security: Feeding a Hungry World......Page 492
Learning Outcomes......Page 496
Questions......Page 497
Chapter 12 Health & Medicine......Page 501
12.1 A Life Spent Fighting Against Equilibrium......Page 503
12.2 Keeping Our Bodies in Equilibrium......Page 507
12.3 Carbon: The Essential Building Block of Life......Page 510
12.4 Functional Groups......Page 514
12.5 Give These Molecules a Hand!......Page 516
12.6 Life via Protein Function......Page 520
12.7 Life Driven by Noncovalent Interactions......Page 524
12.8 Steroids: Essential Regulators for Life (and Performance Manipulators!)......Page 526
12.9 Modern Drug Discovery......Page 528
12.10 New Drugs, New Methods......Page 532
Learning Outcomes......Page 536
Questions......Page 537
Chapter 13 Genes and Life......Page 541
13.1 A Route to Synthetic Insulin......Page 543
13.2 DNA: A Chemical that Codes Life......Page 544
13.3 The Double Helix Structure of DNA......Page 548
13.4 Cracking the Chemical Code......Page 552
13.5 Proteins: Form to Function......Page 554
13.6 The Process of Genetic Engineering......Page 558
13.7 Better Chemistry Through Genetic Engineering......Page 562
13.8 The Great GMO Debate......Page 565
Conclusions......Page 568
Learning Outcomes......Page 569
Questions......Page 570
Chapter 14 Who Killed Dr. Thompson? A Forensic Mystery......Page 573
Friday, Aug. 1-7:08 pm: A Relaxing Evening Interrupted......Page 574
Solvent Stills: An Effective but Dangerous Way to Purify Solvents......Page 575
Friday, Aug. 1-10:13 pm: The Aftermath......Page 578
Saturday, Aug. 2-8:05 am: Accidental or Deliberate?......Page 580
Fire Modeling......Page 585
Behind-the-Scenes at the Crime Lab......Page 588
Wednesday, Aug. 13-1:03 pm: Access to the Lab Restored......Page 593
Wednesday, Aug. 13-9:57 pm: What Now?......Page 595
Thursday, Aug. 14-5:42 am: A Gruesome Discovery......Page 596
Behind-the-Scenes at the Crime Lab......Page 597
Friday, Aug. 22-9:03 am: The Questioning of Julie Thompson......Page 601
Monday, Aug. 25-8:31 am: The Questioning of Dr. Littleton......Page 602
Back in the Crime Lab......Page 603
Charge: Murder-1!......Page 606
Questions......Page 607
Appendix 1 Measure for Measure: Metric Prefixes, Conversion Factors, and Constants......Page 610
Appendix 2 The Power of Exponents......Page 611
Appendix 3 Clearing the Logjam......Page 612
Appendix 4 Answers to Your Turn Questions......Page 614
Appendix 5 Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Questions Indicated in Blue in the Text......Page 659
Glossary......Page 694
Index......Page 702