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Chemistry Hydrocarbons (Zambak)

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Author(s): Ayhan NAZLI, Murat DURKAYA, Yener EKŞİ, Nuh ÖZDİN, Muhammet AYDIN, Davut PİRAZ, Necdet ÇELİK, Uğur Hulusi PATLI, Varol GÜRLER
Edition: 1
Publisher: Zambak Publishing
Year: 2008

Language: English
Pages: 144

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Reading : A short history of organic chemistry . . .8
1. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2. DETECTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2.1. DETECTION OF HYDROGEN AND
CARBON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2.2. DETECTION OF NITROGEN . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3. FORMULA CONCEPT IN ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Empirical Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Molecular Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Structural formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
4. STRUCTURAL THEORY OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Chapter 2
ALKANES
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
1. ALKANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
2. ALKYL GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
3. NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANES . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4. ISOMERISM IN ALKANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
5. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES . . . . . .30
6. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES . . . . . .30
6.1. COMBUSTION REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . .31
6.2. SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . .31
6.3. CRACKING REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
6.4. ISOMERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
7. PREPARATION OF ALKANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
7.1. WURTZ SYNTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
7.2. HYDRATION OF GRIGNARD
COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
7.3. REDUCTION OF ALKYL HALIDES . . . . . . .37
7.4. HEATING THE METAL SALTS OF
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
7.5. HYDROGENATION OF UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
8. METHANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
8.1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
8.2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
8.3. PREPARATION METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
9. CYCLOALKANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
9.1. NOMENCLATURE OF
CYCLOALKANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
9.2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
9.3. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Reading : Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
PUZZLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Chapter 3
ALKENES
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
1. ALKENYL GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
2. NOMENCLATURES OF ALKENES . . . . . . . . . . .53
Alkadienes and Polydienes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Cycloalkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
3. ISOMERISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Structural Isomerism in Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Cis–Trans Isomerism in Alkenes (Geometric
Isomerism) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES . . . . . .61
5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES . . . . . .61
5.1. COMBUSTION REACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
5.2. ADDITION REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Addition of Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Addition of Halogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Addition of Hydrogen Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Addition of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
5.3. OXIDATION REACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Cleavage of The π Bond (Baeyer Method) . . . . . .67
5.4. POLYMERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
6. POLYMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
6.1. POLYETHYLENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
6.2. POLYMERS OF SOME ETHYLENE
DERIVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Polyacrylonitrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Polystyrene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Polypropylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
6.3. POLYMERS OF BUTADIENE
DERIVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Natural Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Synthetic Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Reading : Popular Sports and Polymers . . . . . . .73
7. PREPARATION OF ALKENES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
7.1. DEHYDRATION OF MONOALCOHOLS . . .74
7.2. DEHYDROHALOGENATION OF ALKYL
HALIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
7.3. DEHYDROGENATION OF ALKANES . . . . .74
7.4. CRACKING OF ALKANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
7.5. DEHALOGENATION OF DIBROMIDES . . .75
8. ETHYLENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Preparation of Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
PUZZLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Chapter 4
ALKYNES
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
1. ALKYNYL GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
2. NOMENCLATURE OF ALKYNES . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
3. ISOMERISM IN ALKYNES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKYNES . . . . . . .87
5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKYNES . . . . . .88
5.1. COMBUSTION REACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
5.2. ADDITION REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Addition of Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Addition of Halogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Addition of Hydrogen Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Addition of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
5.3. SUBSTITUTION REACTION WITH
METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
6. PREPARATION OF ALKYNES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
6.1. BY REACTION OF METAL ACETYLIDES
AND ALKYL HALIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
6.2. DEHALOGENATION OF
DIHALOALKANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
7. ACETYLENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
7.1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
7.2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
7.3. PREPARATION OF ACETYLENE . . . . . . . .100
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
PUZZLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Chapter 5
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
1. BENZENE AND ITS STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . .108
Reading : August Friedrich Kekulé . . . . . . . . . . .110
2. NOMENCLATURE OF AROMATIC
COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
2.1. NOMENCLATURE OF MONOSUBSTITUTED
BENZENE DERIVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
2.2. NOMENCLATURE OF DISUBSTITUTED
BENZENE DERIVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
2.3. NOMENCLATURE OF TRI OR MORE
SUBSTITUTED BENZENE DERIVATIVES .112
3. ISOMERISM IN BENZENE DERIVATIVES . . . .113
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZENE . . . . .116
5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS
OF BENZENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
5.1. SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . .116
Substitution Reactions with Halogens . . . . . . . . .116
Substitution Reactions with HNO3 . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Substitution Reactions with Alkyl Halides . . . . . .117
Substitution Reactions with H2SO4 . . . . . . . . . . .117
5.2. ADDITION REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
6. OCCURRENCE AND PREPARATION OF
BENZENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
6.1. TRIMERIZATION OF ACETYLENE . . . . . .119
6.2. DECARBOXYLATION OF SODIUM
BENZOATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
6.3. DEHYDROGENATION OF HEXANE AND
CYCLOHEXANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
7. OTHER AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
(POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS)120
7.1. NAPHTHALENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
7.2. ANTHRACENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Reading : Petrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
PUZZLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139