Author(s): Murat DURKAYA, Osman YILDIRIM, Ayhan NAZLI
Edition: 1
Publisher: Zambak Publishing
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 208
Chapter 1
HEAT of REACTIONS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1. EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
2. ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
3. ENTHALPY CHANGE OF REACTIONS . . . . . . .10
3.1. STANDARD HEAT OF FORMATION . . . . . .12
3.2. HEAT OF COMBUSTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
3.3. HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . .15
3.4. HEAT OF DISSOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4. CALORIMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
5. BOND BREAKAGE AND BOND ENERGY . . . . .18
6. HESS’S LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Reading : Alternative Energy Sources . . . . . . . . .22
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Chapter 2
RATE of REACTIONS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
1. DEFINING AND MEASURING THE RATE OF
REACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
2. COLLISION THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
2.1. ACTIVATION ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
2.2. POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAMS . . . . . . .38
3. RATE EXPRESSION AND RATE CONSTANT . .40
3.1. REACTION MECHANISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.2. ORDER OF REACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE
OF REACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Nature of Reactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Concentration of Reactants . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
The Temperature of the System . . . . . . . . . .48
The Presence of a Catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Interacting Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Reading : Catalysts in Daily Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Chapter 3
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
1. PHYSICAL EQUILIBRIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
2. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
3. FACTORS CAUSING EQUILIBRIUM . . . . . . . . . .62
3.1. TENDENCY TOWARD MINIMUM ENERGY .62
3.2. TENDENCY TOWARD MAXIMUM
RANDOMNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
4. THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT EXPRESSION .64
4.1. The RELATION BETWEEN Kc AND Kp . . . . .65
4.2. VARIATION OF Kc EXPRESSION . . . . . . . . .68
4.3. THE REACTION QUOTIENT . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
5. FACTORS AFFECTING EQUILIBRIUM
(LE CHÂTELIER'S PRINCIPLE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
5.1. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION
CHANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
5.2. VOLUME CHANGES OR EFFECT OF
PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
5.3. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . .77
5.4. EFFECT OF CATALYST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Reading : Haber Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Chapter 4
SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
1. SOLUBILITY PRODUCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
1.1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOLUBILITY
AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT . . . . . . . . . . .89
1.2. ION PRODUCT AND PRECIPITATION . . . .93
2. FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY . . . . . . . . .95
2.1. TYPE OF SOLVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
2.2. TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
2.3. THE COMMON-ION EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . .95
3. SELECTIVE PRECIPITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
4. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CATIONS . . . . . . .98
Reading : Hard Water and Soft Water . . . . . . . . .99
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Chapter 5
ACID and BASE EQUILIBRIUM
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
1. ACID-BASE THEORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
1.1. The ARRHENIUS ACID-BASE THEORY .106
1.2. The BRINSTED-LOWRY ACID-BASE
THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
1.3. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS . . . .108
1.4. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BASES . . . .108
2. IONIZATION of WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
3. THE pH SCALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
4. STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES . . . . . . . .113
4.1. ACID STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
4.2. BASE STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
4.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Ka AND Kb . .117
5. NEUTRALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
6. TITRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
6.1. STRONG ACID-STRONG BASE
TITRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
7. HYDROLYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
8. BUFFER SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Chapter 6
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
1. OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS . . . . . .136
1.1. OXIDATION STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
1.2. OXIDATION-REDUCTION HALF
REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
1.3. BALANCING OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Balancing Redox Reactions by the
Half-Reaction Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Balancing Redox Equations by the
Change in Oxidation State Method . . . . . .144
2. ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
2.1. STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIAL . .148
Zn-SHE Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Spontaneity of Redox Reactions . . . . . . . .152
2.2. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON CELL
VOLTAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
The Nernst Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Determining Ion Concentrations from
Cell Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Relationship between εc°ell and
Equilibrium Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
2.3. CONCENTRATION CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Reading : Batteries (Voltaic Cells) . . . . . . . . . . .160
2.4. CORROSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
3. ELECTROLYSIS AND ELECTROLYTIC CELLS .164
3.1. ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER . . . . . . . . . .165
3.2. ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN NaCl . . . .166
3.3. PURIFICATION OF METALS AND
ELECTROPLATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis . . . . . .168
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
PUZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
APPENDICES, GLOSSARY,
ANSWERS, INDEX
APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
APPENDIX B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
APPENDIX C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
APPENDIX D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
