Chemistry, Global Edition

Front Cover
Periodic Table of the Elements
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Content
Preface
For Instructors
1 Chemical Tools: Experimentation and Measurement
1.1 The Scientific Method: Nanoparticle Catalysts for Fuel Cells
1.2 Measurements: SI Units and Scientific Notation
1.3 Mass and Its Measurement
1.4 Length and Its Measurement
1.5 Temperature and Its Measurement
1.6 Derived Units: Volume and Its Measurement
1.7 Derived Units: Density and Its Measurement
1.8 Derived Units: Energy and Its Measurement
1.9 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures in Measurement
1.10 Significant Figures in Calculations
1.11 Converting from One Unit to Another
INQUIRY? What are the unique properties of nanoscale materials?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1 Chemistry and the Elements
2.2 Elements and the Periodic Table
2.3 Some Common Groups of Elements and Their Properties
2.4 Observations Supporting Atomic Theory: The Conservation of Mass and the Law of Definite Proportions
2.5 The Law of Multiple Proportions and Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2.6 Atomic Structure: Electrons
2.7 Atomic Structure: Protons and Neutrons
2.8 Atomic Numbers
2.9 Atomic Weights and the Mole
2.10 Measuring Atomic Weight: Mass Spectrometry
2.11 Mixtures and Chemical Compounds; Molecules and Covalent Bonds
2.12 Ions and Ionic Bonds
2.13 Naming Chemical Compounds
INQUIRY? How can measurements of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in ice cores determine past climates?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
3.1 Representing Chemistry on Different Levels
3.2 Balancing Chemical Equations
3.3 Molecular Weight and Molar Mass
3.4 Stoichiometry: Relating Amounts of Reactants and Products
3.5 Yields of Chemical Reactions
3.6 Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants
3.7 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
3.8 Determining Empirical Formulas: Elemental Analysis
3.9 Determining Molecular Weights: Mass Spectrometry
INQUIRY? How is the principle of atom economy used to minimize waste in a chemical synthesis?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution
4.1 Solution Concentration: Molarity
4.2 Diluting Concentrated Solutions
4.3 Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solution
4.5 Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic Equations
4.6 Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines
4.7 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions
4.8 Solution Stoichiometry
4.9 Measuring the Concentration of a Solution: Titration
4.10 Oxidation–Reduction (Redox) Reactions
4.11 Identifying Redox Reactions
4.12 The Activity Series of the Elements
4.13 Redox Titrations
4.14 Some Applications of Redox Reactions
INQUIRY? How do sports drinks replenish the substances lost in sweat?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
5 Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
5.1 Wave Properties of Radiant Energy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
5.2 Particlelike Properties of Radiant Energy: The Photoelectric Effect and Planck’s Postulate
5.3 Atomic Line Spectra and Quantized Energy
5.4 Wavelike Properties of Matter: de Broglie’s Hypothesis
5.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom: Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
5.6 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom: Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
5.7 The Shapes of Orbitals
5.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
5.9 Orbital Energy Levels in Multielectron Atoms
5.10 Electron Configurations of Multielectron Atoms
5.11 Anomalous Electron Configurations
5.12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
5.13 Electron Configurations and Periodic Properties: Atomic Radii
INQUIRY? How does knowledge of atomic emission spectra help us build more efficient light bulbs?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
6 Ionic Compounds: Periodic Trends and Bonding Theory
6.1 Electron Configurations of Ions
6.2 Ionic Radii
6.3 Ionization Energy
6.4 Higher Ionization Energies
6.5 Electron Affinity
6.6 The Octet Rule
6.7 Ionic Bonds and the Formation of Ionic Solids
6.8 Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids
INQUIRY? How do ionic liquids lead to more environmentally friendly processes?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
7 Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures
7.1 Covalent Bonding in Molecules
7.2 Strengths of Covalent Bonds
7.3 Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity
7.4 A Comparison of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
7.5 Electron-Dot Structures: The Octet Rule
7.6 Procedure for Drawing Electron-Dot Structures
7.7 Drawing Electron-Dot Structures for Radicals
7.8 Electron-Dot Structures of Compounds Containing Only Hydrogen and Second-Row Elements
7.9 Electron-Dot Structures and Resonance
7.10 Formal Charges
INQUIRY? How does bond polarity affect the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
8 Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure
8.1 Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Model
8.2 Valence Bond Theory
8.3 Hybridization and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
8.4 Other Kinds of Hybrid Orbitals
8.5 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments
8.6 Intermolecular Forces
8.7 Molecular Orbital Theory: The Hydrogen Molecule
8.8 Molecular Orbital Theory: Other Diatomic Molecules
8.9 Combining Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory
INQUIRY? Which is better for human health, natural or synthetic vitamins?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
9 Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy
9.1 Energy and Its Conservation
9.2 Internal Energy and State Functions
9.3 Expansion Work
9.4 Energy and Enthalpy
9.5 Thermochemical Equations and the Thermodynamic Standard State
9.6 Enthalpies of Chemical and Physical Changes
9.7 Calorimetry and Heat Capacity
9.8 Hess’s Law
9.9 Standard Heats of Formation
9.10 Bond Dissociation Energies
9.11 An Introduction to Entropy
9.12 An Introduction to Free Energy
INQUIRY? How do we determine the energy content of biofuels?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
10 Gases: Their Properties and Behavior
10.1 Gases and Gas Pressure
10.2 The Gas Laws
10.3 The Ideal Gas Law
10.4 Stoichiometric Relationships with Gases
10.5 Mixtures of Gases: Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law
10.6 The Kinetic–Molecular Theory of Gases
10.7 Gas Diffusion and Effusion: Graham’s Law
10.8 The Behavior of Real Gases
10.9 The Earth’s Atmosphere and the Greenhouse Effect
10.10 Greenhouse Gases
10.11 Climate Change
INQUIRY? How do inhaled anesthetics work?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
11 Liquids and Phase Changes
11.1 Properties of Liquids
11.2 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
11.3 Phase Changes between Solids, Liquids, and Gases
11.4 Energy Changes during Phase Transitions
11.5 Phase Diagrams
11.6 Liquid Crystals
INQUIRY? How is caffeine removed from coffee?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
12 Solids and Solid-State Materials
12.1 Types of Solids
12.2 Probing the Structure of Solids: X-Ray Crystallography
12.3 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells
12.4 Structures of Some Ionic Solids
12.5 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids
12.6 Bonding in Metals
12.7 Semiconductors
12.8 Semiconductor Applications
12.9 Superconductors
12.10 Ceramics and Composites
INQUIRY? What are quantum dots, and what controls their color?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
13 Solutions and Their Properties
13.1 Solutions
13.2 Enthalpy Changes and the Solution Process
13.3 Predicting Solubility
13.4 Concentration Units for Solutions
13.5 Some Factors That Affect Solubility
13.6 Physical Behavior of Solutions: Colligative Properties
13.7 Vapor-Pressure Lowering of Solutions: Raoult’s Law
13.8 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression of Solutions
13.9 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
INQUIRY? How does hemodialysis cleanse the blood of patients with kidney failure?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
14 Chemical Kinetics
14.1 Reaction Rates
14.2 Rate Laws and Reaction Order
14.3 Method of Initial Rates: Experimental Determination of a Rate Law
14.4 Integrated Rate Law: Zeroth-Order Reactions
14.5 Integrated Rate Law: First-Order Reactions
14.6 Integrated Rate Law: Second-Order Reactions
14.7 Reaction Rates and Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation
14.8 Using the Arrhenius Equation
14.9 Reaction Mechanisms
14.10 Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions
14.11 Rate Laws for Overall Reactions
14.12 Catalysis
14.13 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts
INQUIRY? How do enzymes work?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
15 Chemical Equilibrium
15.1 The Equilibrium State
15.2 The Equilibrium Constant Kc
15.3 The Equilibrium Constant Kp
15.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria
15.5 Using the Equilibrium Constant
15.6 Factors That Alter the Composition of an Equilibrium Mixture: Le Châtelier’s Principle
15.7 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Concentration
15.8 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Pressure and Volume
15.9 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Temperature
15.10 The Link between Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Kinetics
INQUIRY? How does high altitude affect oxygen transport in the body?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
16 Aqueous Equilibria: Acids and Bases
16.1 Acid–Base Concepts: The Brønsted–Lowry Theory
16.2 Acid Strength and Base Strength
16.3 Factors That Affect Acid Strength
16.4 Dissociation of Water
16.5 The pH Scale
16.6 Measuring pH
16.7 The pH in Solutions of Strong Acids and Strong Bases
16.8 Equilibria in Solutions of Weak Acids
16.9 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations in Solutions of Weak Acids
16.10 Percent Dissociation in Solutions of Weak Acids
16.11 Polyprotic Acids
16.12 Equilibria in Solutions of Weak Bases
16.13 Relation Between Ka and Kb
16.14 Acid–Base Properties of Salts
16.15 Lewis Acids and Bases
INQUIRY? Has the problem of acid rain been solved?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
17 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria
17.1 Neutralization Reactions
17.2 The Common-Ion Effect
17.3 Buffer Solutions
17.4 The Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation
17.5 pH Titration Curves
17.6 Strong Acid–Strong Base Titrations
17.7 Weak Acid–Strong Base Titrations
17.8 Weak Base–Strong Acid Titrations
17.9 Polyprotic Acid–Strong Base Titrations
17.10 Solubility Equilibria for Ionic Compounds
17.11 Measuring Ksp and Calculating Solubility from Ksp
17.12 Factors That Affect Solubility
17.13 Precipitation of Ionic Compounds
17.14 Separation of Ions by Selective Precipitation
17.15 Qualitative Analysis
INQUIRY? What is causing ocean acidification?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
18 Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Spontaneity
18.1 Spontaneous Processes
18.2 Enthalpy, Entropy, and Spontaneous Processes
18.3 Entropy and Probability
18.4 Entropy and Temperature
18.5 Standard Molar Entropies and Standard Entropies of Reaction
18.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.7 Free Energy and the Spontaneity of Chemical Reactions
18.8 Standard Free-Energy Changes for Reactions
18.9 Standard Free Energies of Formation
18.10 Free-Energy Changes for Reactions under Nonstandard-State Conditions
18.11 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
INQUIRY? Does the formation of highly ordered molecules violate the second law of thermodynamics?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
19 Electrochemistry
19.1 Balancing Redox Reactions by the Half-Reaction Method
19.2 Galvanic Cells
19.3 Shorthand Notation for Galvanic Cells
19.4 Cell Potentials and Free-Energy Changes for Cell Reactions
19.5 Standard Reduction Potentials
19.6 Using Standard Reduction Potentials
19.7 Cell Potentials under Nonstandard-State Conditions: The Nernst Equation
19.8 Electrochemical Determination of pH
19.9 Standard Cell Potentials and Equilibrium Constants
19.10 Batteries
19.11 Corrosion
19.12 Electrolysis and Electrolytic Cells
19.13 Commercial Applications of Electrolysis
19.14 Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
INQUIRY? How do hydrogen fuel cells work?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
20 Nuclear Chemistry
20.1 Nuclear Reactions and Their Characteristics
20.2 Radioactivity
20.3 Nuclear Stability
20.4 Radioactive Decay Rates
20.5 Dating with Radioisotopes
20.6 Energy Changes during Nuclear Reactions
20.7 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
20.8 Nuclear Transmutation
20.9 Detecting and Measuring Radioactivity
INQUIRY? How are radioisotopes used in medicine?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equations
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
21 Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry
21.1 Electron Configurations
21.2 Properties of Transition Elements
21.3 Oxidation States of Transition Elements
21.4 Coordination Compounds
21.5 Ligands
21.6 Naming Coordination Compounds
21.7 Isomers
21.8 Enantiomers and Molecular Handedness
21.9 Color of Transition Metal Complexes
21.10 Crystal Field Theory
21.11 Bonding in Complexes: Valence Bond Theory
INQUIRY? How does cisplatin kill cancer cells?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Key Equation
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
22 The Main-Group Elements
22.1 A Review of General Properties and Periodic Trends
22.2 Distinctive Properties of the Second-Row Elements
22.3 Group 1A: Hydrogen
22.4 Group 1A: Alkali Metals and Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals
22.5 Group 3A Elements
22.6 Group 4A Elements
22.7 Group 5A Elements
22.8 Group 6A Elements
22.9 Group 7A: The Halogens
22.10 Group 8A: Noble Gases
INQUIRY? What are the barriers to a hydrogen economy?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
23 Organic and Biological Chemistry
23.1 Organic Molecules and Their Structures: Consitutional Isomers
23.2 Stereoisomers: Chiral Molecules
23.3 Families of Organic Compounds: Functional Groups
23.4 Carbohydrates: A Biological Example of Isomers
23.5 Valence Bond Theory and Orbital Overlap Pictures
23.6 Lipids: A Biological Example of Cis–Trans Isomerism
23.7 Formal Charge and Resonance in Organic Compounds
23.8 Conjugated Systems
23.9 Proteins: A Biological Example of Conjugation
23.10 Aromatic Compounds and Molecular Orbital Theory
23.11 Nucleic Acids: A Biological Example of Aromaticity
INQUIRY? Why do enantiomers have different biological responses?
Study Guide
Key Terms
Practice Test
Conceptual Problems
Section Problems
Multiconcept Problems
Appendix A: Mathematical Operations
A.1 Scientific Notation
A.2 Logarithms
A.3 Straight-Line Graphs and Linear Equations
A.4 Quadratic Equations
A.5 Calculus Derivations of Integrated Rate Laws
Appendix B: Thermodynamic Properties at 25 °C
Appendix C: Equilibrium Constants at 25 °C
Appendix D: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C
Appendix E: Properties of Water
Answers to Selected Problems
Glossary
Index
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B
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D
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F
G
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I
J
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P
Q
R
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T
U
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W
X
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Photo/Text Credits
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