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Chemistry Chemical Bonds (Zambak)

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Author(s): Ayhan NAZLI, Murat DURKAYA, Yener EKŞİ, Nuh ÖZDİN, Muhammet AYDIN, Davut PİRAZ, Necdet ÇELİK, Uğur Hulusi PATLI
Edition: 1
Publisher: Zambak Publishing
Year: 2010

Language: English
Pages: 72

Chapter 1
CHEMICAL BONDS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
1. ELECTRONEGATIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
2. CHEMICAL BONDS AND THEIR FORMATION . .8
Orbital Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Electron Dot Representation (Lewis Symbol) . . . . .9
Line Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Reading : How to Write Lewis Structures of
Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2.1. IONIC BONDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
2.2. COVALENT BONDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Polar Covalent Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Coordinate Covalent Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
3. HYBRIDIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.1. sp HYBRIDIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3.2. sp2 HYBRIDIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
3.3. sp3 HYBRIDIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
4. COVALENT BONDING CAPACITY OF THE
SECOND ROW ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
4.1. BONDING CAPACITY OF LITHIUM . . . . . .28
4.2. BONDING CAPACITY OF BERYLLIUM . . .28
The geometry of the molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
4.3. BONDING CAPACITY OF BORON . . . . . . .29
The geometry of the molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
4.4. BONDING CAPACITY OF CARBON . . . . . .30
The geometry of the molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
4.5. BONDING CAPACITY OF NITROGEN . . . .31
The geometry of the molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
4.6. BONDING CAPACITY OF OXYGEN . . . . . .33
The geometry of the molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
4.7. BONDING CAPACITY OF FLUORINE . . . .36
The geometry of the molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
4.8. BONDING CAPACITY OF NEON . . . . . . . .37
5. DOUBLE AND TRIPLE COVALENT BONDS . . .38
5.1. SIGMA(σ) BONDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
5.2. Pi (π) BONDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Formation of the Pi (π) Bond in the Ethylene
Molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Formation of the Pi (π) Bond in the Acetylene
Molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
6. RESONANCE STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
7. EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE . . . . . . . . .42
7.1. ELECTRON DEFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
7.2. EXPANDED OCTETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Expanded Octet in the PF5 Molecule . . . . . . . . . .43
7.3. FREE RADICALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
PUZZLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Chapter 2
BONDS IN SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
1. METALLIC BONDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
2. IONIC SOLIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3. NETWORK SOLIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
4. DIPOLE–DIPOLE FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
5. VAN DER WAALS FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
6. HYDROGEN BONDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Reading : How does iron work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
PUZZLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69