Chemistry: Atoms First 2e is a peer-reviewed, openly licensed introductory textbook produced through a collaborative publishing partnership between OpenStax and the University of Connecticut and UConn Undergraduate Student Government Association.This text is an atoms-first adaptation of OpenStax Chemistry 2e. The intention of “atoms-first” involves a few basic principles: first, it introduces atomic and molecular structure much earlier than the traditional approach, and it threads these themes through subsequent chapters. This approach may be chosen as a way to delay the introduction of material such as stoichiometry that students traditionally find abstract and difficult, thereby allowing students time to acclimate their study skills to chemistry. Additionally, it gives students a basis for understanding the application of quantitative principles to the chemistry that underlies the entire course. It also aims to center the study of chemistry on the atomic foundation that many will expand upon in a later course covering organic chemistry, easing that transition when the time arrives.
The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative.
Senior Contributing Authors
Paul Flowers, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
Edward J. Neth, University of Connecticut
William R. Robinson, PhD
Klaus Theopold, University of Delaware
Richard Langley, Stephen F. Austin State University
Contributing Authors
Jennifer Look, Mercer University
Allison Soult, University of Kentucky
Simon Bott, University of Houston
Donald Carpenetti, Craven Community College
Andrew Eklund, Alfred University
Emad El-Giar, University of Louisiana at Monroe
Don Frantz, Wilfrid Laurier University
Paul Hooker, Westminster College
Carol Martinez, Central New Mexico Community College
Troy Milliken, Jackson State University
Vicki Moravec, Trine University
George Kaminski, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Mark Blaser, Shasta College
Jason Powell, Ferrum College
Thomas Sorensen, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Author(s): Paul Flowers; Klaus Theopold; Richard Langley; Edward J. Neth; William R. Robinson
Edition: 2
Publisher: OpenStax
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 1319
City: Houston
Tags: chemistry
Chemistry: Atoms First 2e
Preface
1. About OpenStax
2. About OpenStax resources
3. About Chemistry: Atoms First 2e
4. Additional resources
5. About the University of Connecticut
6. About our team
Chapter 1. Essential Ideas
1.1. Chemistry in Context*
1.2. Phases and Classification of Matter*
1.3. Physical and Chemical Properties*
1.4. Measurements*
1.5. Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision*
1.6. Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results*
Glossary
Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1. Early Ideas in Atomic Theory*
2.2. Evolution of Atomic Theory*
2.3. Atomic Structure and Symbolism*
2.4. Chemical Formulas*
Glossary
Chapter 3. Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
3.1. Electromagnetic Energy*
3.2. The Bohr Model*
3.3. Development of Quantum Theory*
3.4. Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)*
3.5. Periodic Variations in Element Properties*
3.6. The Periodic Table*
3.7. Molecular and Ionic Compounds*
Glossary
Chapter 4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
4.1. Ionic Bonding*
4.2. Covalent Bonding*
4.3. Chemical Nomenclature*
4.4. Lewis Symbols and Structures*
4.5. Formal Charges and Resonance*
4.6. Molecular Structure and Polarity*
Glossary
Chapter 5. Advanced Theories of Bonding
5.1. Valence Bond Theory*
5.2. Hybrid Atomic Orbitals*
5.3. Multiple Bonds*
5.4. Molecular Orbital Theory*
Glossary
Chapter 6. Composition of Substances and Solutions
6.1. Formula Mass*
6.2. Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas*
6.3. Molarity*
6.4. Other Units for Solution Concentrations*
Glossary
Chapter 7. Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
7.1. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations*
7.2. Classifying Chemical Reactions*
7.3. Reaction Stoichiometry*
7.4. Reaction Yields*
7.5. Quantitative Chemical Analysis*
Glossary
Chapter 8. Gases
8.1. Gas Pressure*
8.2. Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law*
8.3. Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions*
8.4. Effusion and Diffusion of Gases*
8.5. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory*
8.6. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior*
Glossary
Chapter 9. Thermochemistry
9.1. Energy Basics*
9.2. Calorimetry*
9.3. Enthalpy*
9.4. Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds*
Glossary
Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids
10.1. Intermolecular Forces*
10.2. Properties of Liquids*
10.3. Phase Transitions*
10.4. Phase Diagrams*
10.5. The Solid State of Matter*
10.6. Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids*
Glossary
Chapter 11. Solutions and Colloids
11.1. The Dissolution Process*
11.2. Electrolytes*
11.3. Solubility*
11.4. Colligative Properties*
11.5. Colloids*
Glossary
Chapter 12. Thermodynamics
12.1. Spontaneity*
12.2. Entropy*
12.3. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics*
12.4. Free Energy*
Glossary
Chapter 13. Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
13.1. Chemical Equilibria*
13.2. Equilibrium Constants*
13.3. Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle*
13.4. Equilibrium Calculations*
Glossary
Chapter 14. Acid-Base Equilibria
14.1. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases*
14.2. pH and pOH*
14.3. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases*
14.4. Hydrolysis of Salts*
14.5. Polyprotic Acids*
14.6. Buffers*
14.7. Acid-Base Titrations*
Glossary
Chapter 15. Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
15.1. Precipitation and Dissolution*
15.2. Lewis Acids and Bases*
15.3. Coupled Equilibria*
Glossary
Chapter 16. Electrochemistry
16.1. Review of Redox Chemistry*
16.2. Galvanic Cells*
16.3. Electrode and Cell Potentials*
16.4. Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium*
16.5. Batteries and Fuel Cells*
16.6. Corrosion*
16.7. Electrolysis*
Glossary
Chapter 17. Kinetics
17.1. Chemical Reaction Rates*
17.2. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates*
17.3. Rate Laws*
17.4. Integrated Rate Laws*
17.5. Collision Theory*
17.6. Reaction Mechanisms*
17.7. Catalysis*
Glossary
Chapter 18. Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
18.1. Periodicity*
18.2. Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals*
18.3. Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids*
18.4. Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals*
18.5. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen*
18.6. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates*
18.7. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen*
18.8. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus*
18.9. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen*
18.10. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur*
18.11. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens*
18.12. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases*
Glossary
Chapter 19. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.1. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds*
19.2. Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals*
19.3. Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds*
Glossary
Chapter 20. Nuclear Chemistry
20.1. Nuclear Structure and Stability*
20.2. Nuclear Equations*
20.3. Radioactive Decay*
20.4. Transmutation and Nuclear Energy*
20.5. Uses of Radioisotopes*
20.6. Biological Effects of Radiation*
Glossary
Chapter 21. Organic Chemistry
21.1. Hydrocarbons*
21.2. Alcohols and Ethers*
21.3. Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters*
21.4. Amines and Amides*
Glossary
Appendix A. The Periodic Table*
Appendix B. Essential Mathematics*
B.1. Exponential Arithmetic
B.2. Significant Figures
B.3. The Use of Logarithms and Exponential Numbers
B.4. The Solution of Quadratic Equations
B.5. Two-Dimensional (x-y) Graphing
Appendix C. Units and Conversion Factors*
Appendix D. Fundamental Physical Constants*
Appendix E. Water Properties*
Appendix F. Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases*
Appendix G. Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances*
Appendix H. Ionization Constants of Weak Acids*
Appendix I. Ionization Constants of Weak Bases*
Appendix J. Solubility Products*
Appendix K. Formation Constants for Complex Ions*
Appendix L. Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials*
Appendix M. Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes*
Solutions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Index
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