Chemistry: Atoms First

Chemistry: Atoms First 2e
Preface
1. About OpenStax
2. About OpenStax resources
3. About Chemistry: Atoms First 2e
4. Additional resources
5. About the University of Connecticut
6. About our team
Chapter 1. Essential Ideas
1.1. Chemistry in Context*
1.2. Phases and Classification of Matter*
1.3. Physical and Chemical Properties*
1.4. Measurements*
1.5. Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision*
1.6. Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results*
Glossary
Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1. Early Ideas in Atomic Theory*
2.2. Evolution of Atomic Theory*
2.3. Atomic Structure and Symbolism*
2.4. Chemical Formulas*
Glossary
Chapter 3. Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
3.1. Electromagnetic Energy*
3.2. The Bohr Model*
3.3. Development of Quantum Theory*
3.4. Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)*
3.5. Periodic Variations in Element Properties*
3.6. The Periodic Table*
3.7. Molecular and Ionic Compounds*
Glossary
Chapter 4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
4.1. Ionic Bonding*
4.2. Covalent Bonding*
4.3. Chemical Nomenclature*
4.4. Lewis Symbols and Structures*
4.5. Formal Charges and Resonance*
4.6. Molecular Structure and Polarity*
Glossary
Chapter 5. Advanced Theories of Bonding
5.1. Valence Bond Theory*
5.2. Hybrid Atomic Orbitals*
5.3. Multiple Bonds*
5.4. Molecular Orbital Theory*
Glossary
Chapter 6. Composition of Substances and Solutions
6.1. Formula Mass*
6.2. Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas*
6.3. Molarity*
6.4. Other Units for Solution Concentrations*
Glossary
Chapter 7. Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
7.1. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations*
7.2. Classifying Chemical Reactions*
7.3. Reaction Stoichiometry*
7.4. Reaction Yields*
7.5. Quantitative Chemical Analysis*
Glossary
Chapter 8. Gases
8.1. Gas Pressure*
8.2. Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law*
8.3. Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions*
8.4. Effusion and Diffusion of Gases*
8.5. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory*
8.6. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior*
Glossary
Chapter 9. Thermochemistry
9.1. Energy Basics*
9.2. Calorimetry*
9.3. Enthalpy*
9.4. Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds*
Glossary
Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids
10.1. Intermolecular Forces*
10.2. Properties of Liquids*
10.3. Phase Transitions*
10.4. Phase Diagrams*
10.5. The Solid State of Matter*
10.6. Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids*
Glossary
Chapter 11. Solutions and Colloids
11.1. The Dissolution Process*
11.2. Electrolytes*
11.3. Solubility*
11.4. Colligative Properties*
11.5. Colloids*
Glossary
Chapter 12. Thermodynamics
12.1. Spontaneity*
12.2. Entropy*
12.3. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics*
12.4. Free Energy*
Glossary
Chapter 13. Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
13.1. Chemical Equilibria*
13.2. Equilibrium Constants*
13.3. Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle*
13.4. Equilibrium Calculations*
Glossary
Chapter 14. Acid-Base Equilibria
14.1. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases*
14.2. pH and pOH*
14.3. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases*
14.4. Hydrolysis of Salts*
14.5. Polyprotic Acids*
14.6. Buffers*
14.7. Acid-Base Titrations*
Glossary
Chapter 15. Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
15.1. Precipitation and Dissolution*
15.2. Lewis Acids and Bases*
15.3. Coupled Equilibria*
Glossary
Chapter 16. Electrochemistry
16.1. Review of Redox Chemistry*
16.2. Galvanic Cells*
16.3. Electrode and Cell Potentials*
16.4. Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium*
16.5. Batteries and Fuel Cells*
16.6. Corrosion*
16.7. Electrolysis*
Glossary
Chapter 17. Kinetics
17.1. Chemical Reaction Rates*
17.2. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates*
17.3. Rate Laws*
17.4. Integrated Rate Laws*
17.5. Collision Theory*
17.6. Reaction Mechanisms*
17.7. Catalysis*
Glossary
Chapter 18. Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
18.1. Periodicity*
18.2. Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals*
18.3. Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids*
18.4. Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals*
18.5. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen*
18.6. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates*
18.7. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen*
18.8. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus*
18.9. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen*
18.10. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur*
18.11. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens*
18.12. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases*
Glossary
Chapter 19. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.1. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds*
19.2. Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals*
19.3. Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds*
Glossary
Chapter 20. Nuclear Chemistry
20.1. Nuclear Structure and Stability*
20.2. Nuclear Equations*
20.3. Radioactive Decay*
20.4. Transmutation and Nuclear Energy*
20.5. Uses of Radioisotopes*
20.6. Biological Effects of Radiation*
Glossary
Chapter 21. Organic Chemistry
21.1. Hydrocarbons*
21.2. Alcohols and Ethers*
21.3. Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters*
21.4. Amines and Amides*
Glossary
Appendix A. The Periodic Table*
Appendix B. Essential Mathematics*
B.1. Exponential Arithmetic
B.2. Significant Figures
B.3. The Use of Logarithms and Exponential Numbers
B.4. The Solution of Quadratic Equations
B.5. Two-Dimensional (x-y) Graphing
Appendix C. Units and Conversion Factors*
Appendix D. Fundamental Physical Constants*
Appendix E. Water Properties*
Appendix F. Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases*
Appendix G. Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances*
Appendix H. Ionization Constants of Weak Acids*
Appendix I. Ionization Constants of Weak Bases*
Appendix J. Solubility Products*
Appendix K. Formation Constants for Complex Ions*
Appendix L. Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials*
Appendix M. Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes*
Solutions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Index
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