Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies

Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Getting Started with Chemistry
Chapter 1 Looking at Numbers Scientifically
Using Exponential and Scientific Notation to Report Measurements
Multiplying and Dividing in Scientific Notation
Using Scientific Notation to Add and Subtract
Distinguishing between Accuracy and Precision
Identifying Significant Figures
Doing Arithmetic with Significant Figures
Addition and subtraction
Multiplication and division
Rounding off numbers
Qualitative and Quantitative Observations
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 1 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 1 Quiz
Chapter 2 Using and Converting Units
Familiarizing Yourself with Base Units and Metric System Prefixes
Units of length
Units of mass
Units of volume
Units of temperature
Units of pressure
Units of energy
SI base units
Looking at Density
Getting to the bottom of density basics
Measuring density
Using Conversion Factors
Working with the Factor Label Method
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 2 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 2 Quiz
Chapter 3 The Basic Properties of Matter
Describing the States of Matter
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Classifying Pure Substances and Mixtures
Keeping it simple with pure substances
Elementary, my dear reader
Compounding the problem
Throwing mixtures into the mix
Nice Properties You’ve Got There
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 3 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 3 Quiz
Chapter 4 Breaking Down Atoms into Their Subatomic Particles
The Atom: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons
Breaking an atom into its parts
Narrowing the focus to the nucleus
A Brief History of the Atom
J. J. Thomson: Cooking up the “plum pudding” model
Ernest Rutherford: Shooting at gold
Niels Bohr: Comparing the atom to the solar system
Deciphering Chemical Symbols: Atomic and Mass Numbers
Keeping an Eye on Ions
Accounting for Isotopes Using Atomic Masses
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 4 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 4 Quiz
The Periodic Table
Chapter 5 Surveying the Periodic Table of the Elements
Organizing the Periodic Table
Examining the organization of the periodic table
Meeting the metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 5 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 5 Quiz
Chapter 6 The Electron
Putting Electrons in Their Places: Electron Configurations
Quantifying Quantum Numbers
The principal quantum number n
The angular momentum quantum number l
The magnetic quantum number ml
The spin quantum number ms
Put all the numbers together and whaddya get? (A pretty table)
Valence Electrons
Measuring the Amount of Energy (or Light) an Excited Electron Emits
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 6 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 6 Quiz
Chapter 7 Periodic Trends
Nuclear Charge and Atomic Radius
Comprehending effective nuclear charge
Atomic radius
Tracing tendencies of ionic radii
Eyeing Trends in Ionization Energies
Noting an increase in sequential energy
Taking stability into consideration
Considering a few exceptions to the rule
Attracting Electrons: Electronegativities
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 7 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 7 Quiz
Chapter 8 Doing Chemistry with Atomic Nuclei
Decaying Nuclei in Different Ways
Alpha decay
Beta decay
Gamma decay
Measuring Rates of Decay: Half-Lives
Making and Breaking Nuclei: Fusion and Fission
Nuclear fission
Nuclear Fusion
Reaching the right temperature
Maintaining for enough time
Containing the reaction
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 8 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 8 Quiz
Making and Breaking Bonds
Chapter 9 Building Bonds
Forming Ions
Pairing Charges with Ionic Bonds
Forming Sodium Chloride
Meeting the components
Understanding the reaction
Sodium’s role
Chlorine’s role
Ending up with a bond
Ionic Salts
Sharing Electrons with Covalent Bonds
Considering a hydrogen example
Comparing covalent bonds with other bonds
Understanding multiple bonds
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 9 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 9 Quiz
Chapter 10 The Shape of Molecules
Drawing the Structural Formulas of Molecules
Writing the electron dot formula for water
Writing the Lewis formula for water
Writing the Lewis formula for C2H4O
Occupying and Overlapping Molecular Orbitals
Polarity: Sharing Electrons Unevenly
Polarity and electronegativity
Polar covalent bonding
Predicting polarity
Shaping Molecules: VSEPR Theory and Hybridization
Wondering About Water and Intermolecular Forces
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 10 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 10 Quiz
Chapter 11 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas
Labeling Ionic Compounds and Writing Their Formulas
Determining formulas of ionic compounds
Applying the crisscross rule
Writing the names of ionic compounds
Getting a Grip on Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Naming Covalent Compounds and Writing Their Formulas
Addressing Acids
Mixing the Rules for Naming and Formula Writing
Beyond the Basics: Naming Organic Carbon Chains
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 11 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 11 Quiz
Working with Reactions
Chapter 12 Understanding the Many Uses of the Mole
The Mole Conversion Factor: Avogadro’s Number
Doing Mass and Volume Mole Conversions
Determining Percent Composition
Calculating Empirical Formulas
Using Empirical Formulas to Find Molecular Formulas
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 12 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 12 Quiz
Chapter 13 Getting a Grip on Chemical Equations
Translating Chemistry into Equations and Symbols
Understanding How Reactions Occur
One-step collision example
Considering an exothermic example
Looking at an endothermic example
Balancing Chemical Equations
Getting the lowdown on balancing equations
Walking through the steps of balancing equations
Recognizing Reactions and Predicting Products
Combination (synthesis)
Decomposition
Single displacement (single replacement)
Double displacement (double replacement)
Precipitation reactions
Neutralization reactions
Combustion
Canceling Spectator Ions: Net Ionic Equations
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 13 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 13 Quiz
Chapter 14 Putting Stoichiometry to Work
Using Mole-Mole Conversions from Balanced Equations
Putting Moles at the Center: Conversions Involving Particles, Volumes, and Masses
Calculating Limiting Reactants
Counting Your Chickens after They’ve Hatched: Percent Yield Calculations
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 14 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 14 Quiz
Examining Changes in Energy
Chapter 15 Understanding States of Matter in Terms of Energy
Changing States of Matter
Melting point
Boiling point
Freezing point
Sublimate this!
Figuring Out Phase Diagrams
Taking a Look at Energy and Temperature
Moving right along: Kinetic energy
Sitting pretty: Potential energy
Measuring Energy
Taking a look at temperature
Feeling the heat
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 15 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 15 Quiz
Chapter 16 Warming Up to Thermochemistry
Understanding the Basics of Thermodynamics
Heat
Energy
Units of energy
Working with Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
Specific heat capacity
Calorimetry
Absorbing and Releasing Heat: Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Summing Heats with Hess’s Law
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 16 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 16 Quiz
Chapter 17 Obeying Gas Laws
Working with the Kinetic Molecular Theory
Measuring and Converting Pressure
Boyle’s Law: Playing with Pressure and Volume
Charles’s Law and Absolute Zero: Looking at Volume and Temperature
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Examining Pressure and Temperature
Combining Pressure, Temperature, and Volume into One Law
Dealing with Amounts: Avogadro’s Law and the Ideal Gas Law
Mixing It Up with Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Diffusing and Effusing with Graham’s Law
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 17 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 17 Quiz
Studying Solutions
Chapter 18 Dissolving into Solutions
Seeing Different Forces at Work in Solubility
Understanding solubility
Looking at forces in solutions
Classifying solutions by concentration
Concentrating on Molarity and Percent Solutions
Molarity
Percent composition of solutions
Mass/mass (m/m) percentage
Mass/volume (m/V) percentage
Volume/volume (V/V) percentage
Changing Concentrations by Making Dilutions
Altering Solubility with Temperature
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 18 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 18 Quiz
Chapter 19 Playing Hot and Cold: Colligative Properties
Portioning Particles: Molality and Mole Fractions
Too Hot to Handle: Elevating and Calculating Boiling Points
How Low Can You Go? Depressing and Calculating Freezing Points
Determining Molecular Masses with Boiling and Freezing Points
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 19 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 19 Quiz
Chapter 20 Working with Acids and Bases
Getting to Know Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases at the Atomic Level
The Arrhenius theory: Must have water
The Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory: Giving and accepting
Lewis relies on electron pairs
Measuring Acidity and Basicity: p H, p OH, and KW
Dissociating with Strong and Weak Acids
Ionizing completely: Strong acids
Falling to pieces: Strong bases
Ionizing partway: Weak acids
Finding equilibrium with water: Weak bases
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 20 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 20 Quiz
Chapter 21 Achieving Neutrality with Titrations and Buffers
Using Indicators and Titration to Figure Out Molarity
Taking a quick dip with litmus paper
Titrating with phenolphthalein
Maintaining Your pH with Buffers
Measuring Salt Solubility with Ksp
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 21 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 21 Quiz
Glossary
Index
EULA