Chemistry

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Author(s): Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley, William R. Robinson
Publisher: Rice University
Year: 2015

Language: English
Pages: 1355
Tags: chemistry, openstax, openstax chemistry

3. About Chemistry......Page 11
5. About the authors......Page 15
Chapter 1. Essential Ideas......Page 19
1.1. Chemistry in Context*......Page 20
1.2. Phases and Classification of Matter*......Page 25
1.3. Physical and Chemical Properties*......Page 35
1.4. Measurements*......Page 39
1.5. Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision*......Page 46
1.6. Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results*......Page 53
Glossary......Page 61
Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions......Page 77
2.1. Early Ideas in Atomic Theory*......Page 78
2.2. Evolution of Atomic Theory*......Page 82
2.3. Atomic Structure and Symbolism*......Page 88
2.4. Chemical Formulas*......Page 96
2.5. The Periodic Table*......Page 103
2.6. Molecular and Ionic Compounds*......Page 107
2.7. Chemical Nomenclature*......Page 115
Glossary......Page 123
Chapter 3. Composition of Substances and Solutions......Page 139
3.1. Formula Mass and the Mole Concept*......Page 140
3.2. Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas*......Page 152
3.3. Molarity*......Page 159
3.4. Other Units for Solution Concentrations*......Page 167
Glossary......Page 173
Chapter 4. Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions......Page 183
4.1. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations*......Page 184
4.2. Classifying Chemical Reactions*......Page 190
4.3. Reaction Stoichiometry*......Page 203
4.4. Reaction Yields*......Page 208
4.5. Quantitative Chemical Analysis*......Page 213
Glossary......Page 221
Chapter 5. Thermochemistry......Page 237
5.1. Energy Basics*......Page 238
5.2. Calorimetry*......Page 248
5.3. Enthalpy*......Page 261
Glossary......Page 276
Chapter 6. Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements......Page 287
6.1. Electromagnetic Energy*......Page 288
6.2. The Bohr Model*......Page 302
6.3. Development of Quantum Theory*......Page 306
6.4. Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)*......Page 320
6.5. Periodic Variations in Element Properties*......Page 329
Glossary......Page 338
Chapter 7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry......Page 349
7.1. Ionic Bonding*......Page 350
7.2. Covalent Bonding*......Page 353
7.3. Lewis Symbols and Structures*......Page 359
7.4. Formal Charges and Resonance*......Page 369
7.5. Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds*......Page 373
7.6. Molecular Structure and Polarity*......Page 380
Glossary......Page 396
Chapter 8. Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding......Page 417
8.1. Valence Bond Theory*......Page 418
8.2. Hybrid Atomic Orbitals*......Page 422
8.3. Multiple Bonds*......Page 434
8.4. Molecular Orbital Theory*......Page 437
Glossary......Page 454
Chapter 9. Gases......Page 463
9.1. Gas Pressure*......Page 464
9.2. Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law*......Page 473
9.3. Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions*......Page 486
9.4. Effusion and Diffusion of Gases*......Page 498
9.5. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory*......Page 503
9.6. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior*......Page 509
Glossary......Page 513
Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids......Page 527
10.1. Intermolecular Forces*......Page 528
10.2. Properties of Liquids*......Page 540
10.3. Phase Transitions*......Page 546
10.4. Phase Diagrams*......Page 557
10.5. The Solid State of Matter*......Page 564
10.6. Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids*......Page 571
Glossary......Page 589
Chapter 11. Solutions and Colloids......Page 605
11.1. The Dissolution Process*......Page 606
11.2. Electrolytes*......Page 611
11.3. Solubility*......Page 614
11.4. Colligative Properties*......Page 624
11.5. Colloids*......Page 643
Glossary......Page 652
Chapter 12. Kinetics......Page 661
12.1. Chemical Reaction Rates*......Page 662
12.2. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates*......Page 667
12.3. Rate Laws*......Page 670
12.4. Integrated Rate Laws*......Page 677
12.5. Collision Theory*......Page 687
12.6. Reaction Mechanisms*......Page 693
12.7. Catalysis*......Page 698
Glossary......Page 708
Chapter 13. Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts......Page 727
13.1. Chemical Equilibria*......Page 728
13.2. Equilibrium Constants*......Page 732
13.3. Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle*......Page 740
13.4. Equilibrium Calculations*......Page 746
Glossary......Page 758
Chapter 14. Acid-Base Equilibria......Page 775
14.1. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases*......Page 776
14.2. pH and pOH*......Page 780
14.3. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases*......Page 786
14.4. Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions*......Page 803
14.5. Polyprotic Acids*......Page 811
14.6. Buffers*......Page 814
14.7. Acid-Base Titrations*......Page 823
Glossary......Page 833
Chapter 15. Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes......Page 849
15.1. Precipitation and Dissolution*......Page 850
15.2. Lewis Acids and Bases*......Page 865
15.3. Multiple Equilibria*......Page 870
Glossary......Page 878
16.1. Spontaneity*......Page 891
16.2. Entropy*......Page 895
16.3. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics*......Page 901
16.4. Free Energy*......Page 905
Glossary......Page 915
Chapter 17. Electrochemistry......Page 925
17.1. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions*......Page 926
17.2. Galvanic Cells*......Page 933
17.3. Standard Reduction Potentials*......Page 937
17.4. The Nernst Equation*......Page 943
17.5. Batteries and Fuel Cells*......Page 947
17.6. Corrosion*......Page 954
17.7. Electrolysis*......Page 957
Glossary......Page 963
Chapter 18. Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals......Page 973
18.1. Periodicity*......Page 974
18.2. Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals*......Page 984
18.3. Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids*......Page 988
18.4. Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals*......Page 996
18.5. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen*......Page 1004
18.6. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates*......Page 1011
18.7. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen*......Page 1013
18.8. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus*......Page 1018
18.9. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen*......Page 1020
18.10. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur*......Page 1035
18.11. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens*......Page 1037
18.12. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases*......Page 1043
Glossary......Page 1045
Chapter 19. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry......Page 1061
19.1. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds*......Page 1062
19.2. Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals*......Page 1075
19.3. Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds*......Page 1090
Glossary......Page 1099
Chapter 20. Organic Chemistry......Page 1107
20.1. Hydrocarbons*......Page 1108
20.2. Alcohols and Ethers*......Page 1126
20.3. Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters*......Page 1131
20.4. Amines and Amides*......Page 1136
Glossary......Page 1147
Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry......Page 1157
21.1. Nuclear Structure and Stability*......Page 1158
21.2. Nuclear Equations*......Page 1165
21.3. Radioactive Decay*......Page 1168
21.4. Transmutation and Nuclear Energy*......Page 1179
21.5. Uses of Radioisotopes*......Page 1194
21.6. Biological Effects of Radiation*......Page 1199
Glossary......Page 1207
Appendix A. The Periodic Table*......Page 1219
B.1. Exponential Arithmetic......Page 1221
B.2. Significant Figures......Page 1223
B.3. The Use of Logarithms and Exponential Numbers......Page 1224
B.5. Two-Dimensional (x-y) Graphing......Page 1225
Appendix C. Units and Conversion Factors*......Page 1229
Appendix D. Fundamental Physical Constants*......Page 1231
Appendix E. Water Properties*......Page 1233
Appendix F. Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases*......Page 1239
Appendix G. Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances*......Page 1241
Appendix H. Ionization Constants of Weak Acids*......Page 1255
Appendix I. Ionization Constants of Weak Bases*......Page 1259
Appendix J. Solubility Products*......Page 1261
Appendix K. Formation Constants for Complex Ions*......Page 1265
Appendix L. Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials*......Page 1267
Appendix M. Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes*......Page 1273
Chapter 1......Page 1275
Chapter 2......Page 1276
Chapter 3......Page 1278
Chapter 4......Page 1280
Chapter 5......Page 1282
Chapter 6......Page 1284
Chapter 7......Page 1287
Chapter 8......Page 1296
Chapter 9......Page 1299
Chapter 10......Page 1302
Chapter 11......Page 1306
Chapter 12......Page 1308
Chapter 13......Page 1311
Chapter 14......Page 1314
Chapter 15......Page 1319
Chapter 16......Page 1324
Chapter 17......Page 1326
Chapter 18......Page 1327
Chapter 19......Page 1334
Chapter 20......Page 1337
Chapter 21......Page 1343
Index......Page 1347
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