Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition.
Senior Contributing Authors
Paul Flowers, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
Klaus Theopold, University of Delaware
Richard Langley, Stephen F. Austin State University
William R. Robinson, PhD
Contributing Authors
Don Frantz, Wilfrid Laurier University
Paul Hooker, Westminster College
George Kaminski, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Jennifer Look, Mercer University
Carol Martinez, Central New Mexico Community College
Andrew Eklund, Alfred University
Mark Blaser, Shasta College
Tom Sorensen, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Allison Soult, University of Kentucky
Troy Milliken, Jackson State University
Vicki Moravec, Trine University
Jason Powell, Ferrum College
Emad El-Giar, University of Louisiana at Monroe
Simon Bott, University of Houston
Don Carpenetti, Craven Community College
Author(s): Paul Flowers; Klaus Theopold; Richard Langley; William R. Robinson
Edition: 2
Publisher: OpenStax
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 1321
City: Houston
Tags: chemistry
Chemistry 2e
Preface
1. About OpenStax
2. About OpenStax resources
3. About Chemistry 2e
4. Additional resources
5. About the authors
Chapter 1. Essential Ideas
1.1. Chemistry in Context*
1.2. Phases and Classification of Matter*
1.3. Physical and Chemical Properties*
1.4. Measurements*
1.5. Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision*
1.6. Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results*
Glossary
Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1. Early Ideas in Atomic Theory*
2.2. Evolution of Atomic Theory*
2.3. Atomic Structure and Symbolism*
2.4. Chemical Formulas*
2.5. The Periodic Table*
2.6. Molecular and Ionic Compounds*
2.7. Chemical Nomenclature*
Glossary
Chapter 3. Composition of Substances and Solutions
3.1. Formula Mass and the Mole Concept*
3.2. Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas*
3.3. Molarity*
3.4. Other Units for Solution Concentrations*
Glossary
Chapter 4. Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
4.1. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations*
4.2. Classifying Chemical Reactions*
4.3. Reaction Stoichiometry*
4.4. Reaction Yields*
4.5. Quantitative Chemical Analysis*
Glossary
Chapter 5. Thermochemistry
5.1. Energy Basics*
5.2. Calorimetry*
5.3. Enthalpy*
Glossary
Chapter 6. Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
6.1. Electromagnetic Energy*
6.2. The Bohr Model*
6.3. Development of Quantum Theory*
6.4. Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)*
6.5. Periodic Variations in Element Properties*
Glossary
Chapter 7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
7.1. Ionic Bonding*
7.2. Covalent Bonding*
7.3. Lewis Symbols and Structures*
7.4. Formal Charges and Resonance*
7.5. Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds*
7.6. Molecular Structure and Polarity*
Glossary
Chapter 8. Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
8.1. Valence Bond Theory*
8.2. Hybrid Atomic Orbitals*
8.3. Multiple Bonds*
8.4. Molecular Orbital Theory*
Glossary
Chapter 9. Gases
9.1. Gas Pressure*
9.2. Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law*
9.3. Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions*
9.4. Effusion and Diffusion of Gases*
9.5. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory*
9.6. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior*
Glossary
Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids
10.1. Intermolecular Forces*
10.2. Properties of Liquids*
10.3. Phase Transitions*
10.4. Phase Diagrams*
10.5. The Solid State of Matter*
10.6. Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids*
Glossary
Chapter 11. Solutions and Colloids
11.1. The Dissolution Process*
11.2. Electrolytes*
11.3. Solubility*
11.4. Colligative Properties*
11.5. Colloids*
Glossary
Chapter 12. Kinetics
12.1. Chemical Reaction Rates*
12.2. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates*
12.3. Rate Laws*
12.4. Integrated Rate Laws*
12.5. Collision Theory*
12.6. Reaction Mechanisms*
12.7. Catalysis*
Glossary
Chapter 13. Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
13.1. Chemical Equilibria*
13.2. Equilibrium Constants*
13.3. Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle*
13.4. Equilibrium Calculations*
Glossary
Chapter 14. Acid-Base Equilibria
14.1. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases*
14.2. pH and pOH*
14.3. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases*
14.4. Hydrolysis of Salts*
14.5. Polyprotic Acids*
14.6. Buffers*
14.7. Acid-Base Titrations*
Glossary
Chapter 15. Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
15.1. Precipitation and Dissolution*
15.2. Lewis Acids and Bases*
15.3. Coupled Equilibria*
Glossary
Chapter 16. Thermodynamics
16.1. Spontaneity*
16.2. Entropy*
16.3. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics*
16.4. Free Energy*
Glossary
Chapter 17. Electrochemistry
17.1. Review of Redox Chemistry*
17.2. Galvanic Cells*
17.3. Electrode and Cell Potentials*
17.4. Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium*
17.5. Batteries and Fuel Cells*
17.6. Corrosion*
17.7. Electrolysis*
Glossary
Chapter 18. Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
18.1. Periodicity*
18.2. Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals*
18.3. Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids*
18.4. Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals*
18.5. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen*
18.6. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates*
18.7. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen*
18.8. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus*
18.9. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen*
18.10. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur*
18.11. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens*
18.12. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases*
Glossary
Chapter 19. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.1. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds*
19.2. Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals*
19.3. Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds*
Glossary
Chapter 20. Organic Chemistry
20.1. Hydrocarbons*
20.2. Alcohols and Ethers*
20.3. Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters*
20.4. Amines and Amides*
Glossary
Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry
21.1. Nuclear Structure and Stability*
21.2. Nuclear Equations*
21.3. Radioactive Decay*
21.4. Transmutation and Nuclear Energy*
21.5. Uses of Radioisotopes*
21.6. Biological Effects of Radiation*
Glossary
Appendix A. The Periodic Table*
Appendix B. Essential Mathematics*
B.1. Exponential Arithmetic
B.2. Significant Figures
B.3. The Use of Logarithms and Exponential Numbers
B.4. The Solution of Quadratic Equations
B.5. Two-Dimensional (x-y) Graphing
Appendix C. Units and Conversion Factors*
Appendix D. Fundamental Physical Constants*
Appendix E. Water Properties*
Appendix F. Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases*
Appendix G. Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances*
Appendix H. Ionization Constants of Weak Acids*
Appendix I. Ionization Constants of Weak Bases*
Appendix J. Solubility Products*
Appendix K. Formation Constants for Complex Ions*
Appendix L. Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials*
Appendix M. Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes*
Solutions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Index
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