Chemistry.

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Contents in Brief
Contents
List of Applications
List of Videos
Preface
Acknowledgments
A Note to the Student
Chemistry: The Study of Change
1.1 Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century
1.2 The Study of Chemistry
1.3 The Scientific Method
CHEMISTRY in Action The Search for the Higgs Boson
1.4 Classifications of Matter
1.5 The Three States of Matter
1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
1.7 Measurement
CHEMISTRY in Action The Importance of Units
1.8 Handling Numbers
1.9 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems
1.10 Real-World Problem Solving: Information, Assumptions, and Simplifications
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Disappearance of the Dinosaurs
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1 The Atomic Theory
2.2 The Structure of the Atom
2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
2.4 The Periodic Table
CHEMISTRY in Action Distribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems
2.5 Molecules and Ions
2.6 Chemical Formulas
2.7 Naming Compounds
2.8 Introduction to Organic Compounds
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
3.1 Atomic Mass
3.2 Avogadro’s Number and the Molar Mass of an Element
3.3 Molecular Mass
3.4 The Mass Spectrometer
3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds
3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas
3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products
3.9 Limiting Reagents
3.10 Reaction Yield
CHEMISTRY in Action Chemical Fertilizers
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
4.2 Precipitation Reactions
CHEMISTRY in Action An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction
4.3 Acid-Base Reactions
4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
CHEMISTRY in Action Breathalyzer
4.5 Concentration of Solutions
4.6 Gravimetric Analysis
4.7 Acid-Base Titrations
4.8 Redox Titrations
CHEMISTRY in Action Metal from the Sea
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY Who Killed Napoleon?
Gases
5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases
5.2 Pressure of a Gas
5.3 The Gas Laws
5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation
5.5 Gas Stoichiometry
5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
CHEMISTRY in Action Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
CHEMISTRY in Action Super Cold Atoms
5.8 Deviation from Ideal Behavior
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY Out of Oxygen
Thermochemistry
6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy
6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics
CHEMISTRY in Action Making Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire
6.4 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions
6.5 Calorimetry
CHEMISTRY in Action White Fat Cells, Brown Fat Cells, and a Potential Cure for Obesity
6.6 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction
CHEMISTRY in Action How a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself
6.7 Heat of Solution and Dilution
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Exploding Tire
Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory
7.2 The Photoelectric Effect
7.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron
CHEMISTRY in Action Laser—The Splendid Light
CHEMISTRY in Action Electron Microscopy
7.5 Quantum Mechanics
7.6 Quantum Numbers
7.7 Atomic Orbitals
7.8 Electron Configuration
7.9 The Building-Up Principle
CHEMISTRY in Action Quantum Dots
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY Discovery of Helium and the Rise and Fall of Coronium
Periodic Relationships Among the Elements
8.1 Development of the Periodic Table
8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements
8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties
8.4 Ionization Energy
CHEMISTRY in Action The Third Liquid Element?
8.5 Electron Affinity
8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
CHEMISTRY in Action Discovery of the Noble Gases
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols
9.2 The Ionic Bond
9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds
CHEMISTRY in Action Sodium Chloride—A Common and Important Ionic Compound
9.4 The Covalent Bond
9.5 Electronegativity
9.6 Writing Lewis Structures
9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure
9.8 The Concept of Resonance
9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
CHEMISTRY in Action Just Say NO
9.10 Bond Enthalpy
Learning Objectives
Key Equation
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
10.1 Molecular Geometry
10.2 Dipole Moments
CHEMISTRY in Action Microwave Ovens—Dipole Moments at Work
10.3 Valance Bond Theory
10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds
10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory
10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations
10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals
CHEMISTRY in Action Buckyball, Anyone?
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids
11.2 Intermolecular Forces
11.3 Properties of Liquids
CHEMISTRY in Action A Very Slow Pitch
CHEMISTRY in Action Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down?
11.4 Crystal Structure
11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals
11.6 Types of Crystals
CHEMISTRY in Action High-Temperature Superconductors
CHEMISTRY in Action And All for the Want of a Button
11.7 Amorphous Solids
11.8 Phase Changes
11.9 Phase Diagrams
CHEMISTRY in Action Hard-Boiling an Egg on a Mountaintop, Pressure Cookers, and Ice Skating
CHEMISTRY in Action Liquid Crystals
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Physical Properties of Solutions
12.1 Types of Solutions
12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process
12.3 Concentration Units
12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases
CHEMISTRY in Action The Killer Lake
12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
CHEMISTRY in Action Dialysis
12.8 Colloids
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Wrong Knife
Chemical Kinetics
13.1 The Rate of a Reaction
13.2 The Rate Law
13.3 The Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time
CHEMISTRY in Action Radiocarbon Dating
13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants
13.5 Reaction Mechanisms
13.6 Catalysis
CHEMISTRY in Action Pharmacokinetics
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Chemical Equilibrium
14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant
14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions
14.3 The Relationship Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us?
14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium
CHEMISTRY in Action Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production
CHEMISTRY in Action The Haber Process
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Acids and Bases
15.1 Brønsted Acids and Bases
15.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water
15.3 pH—A Measure of Acidity
CHEMISTRY in Action Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach
15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases
15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants
15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants
15.7 The Relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases
15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids
15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids
15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides
15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY Decaying Papers
Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria
16.1 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria
16.2 The Common Ion Effect
16.3 Buffer Solutions
16.4 Acid-Base Titrations
CHEMISTRY in Action Maintaining the pH of Blood
16.5 Acid-Base Indicators
16.6 Solubility Equilibria
16.7 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation
16.8 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility
16.9 pH and Solubility
16.10 Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility
CHEMISTRY in Action How an Eggshell Is Formed
16.11 Application of the Solubility Product Principle to Qualitative Analysis
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY A Hard-Boiled Snack
Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
17.1 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics
17.2 Spontaneous Processes
17.3 Entropy
17.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
17.5 Gibbs Free Energy
CHEMISTRY in Action The Efficiency of Heat Engines
CHEMISTRY in Action The Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band
17.6 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
17.7 Thermodynamics in Living Systems
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Electrochemistry
18.1 Redox Reactions
18.2 Galvanic Cells
18.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
18.4 Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions
18.5 The Effect of Concentration of Cell Emf
18.6 Batteries and Fuel Cells
CHEMISTRY in Action Bacteria Power
18.7 Corrosion
CHEMISTRY in Action Dental Filling Discomfort
18.8 Electrolysis
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY Tainted Water
Nuclear Chemistry
19.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions
19.2 Nuclear Stability
19.3 Natural Radioactivity
19.4 Nuclear Transmutation
19.5 Nuclear Fission
CHEMISTRY in Action Nature’s Own Fission Reactor
19.6 Nuclear Fusion
19.7 Uses of Isotopes
19.8 Biological Effects of Radiation
CHEMISTRY in Action Food Irradiation
CHEMISTRY in Action Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Art Forgery of the Twentieth Century
Chemistry in the Atmosphere
20.1 Earth’s Atmosphere
20.2 Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere
20.3 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere
20.4 Volcanoes
20.5 The Greenhouse Effect
20.6 Acid Rain
20.7 Photochemical Smog
20.8 Indoor Pollution
Learning Objectives
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals
21.1 Occurrence of Metals
21.2 Metallurgical Processes
21.3 Band Theory of Electrical Conductivity
21.4 Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties
21.5 The Alkali Metals
21.6 The Alkaline Earth Metals
21.7 Aluminum
CHEMISTRY in Action Recycling Aluminum
Learning Objectives
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds
22.1 General Properties of Nonmetals
22.2 Hydrogen
CHEMISTRY in Action Metallic Hydrogen
22.3 Carbon
CHEMISTRY in Action Synthetic Gas from Coal
22.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus
CHEMISTRY in Action Ammonium Nitrate—The Explosive Fertilizer
22.5 Oxygen and Sulfur
22.6 The Halogens
Learning Objectives
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Transition Metals Chemistry and Coordination Compounds
23.1 Properties of the Transition Metals
23.2 Chemistry of Iron and Copper
23.3 Coordination Compounds
23.4 Structure of Coordination Compounds
23.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory
CHEMISTRY in Action Coordination Compounds in Living Systems
23.6 Reactions of Coordination Compounds
23.7 Applications of Coordination Compounds
CHEMISTRY in Action Cisplatin—The Anticancer Drug
Learning Objectives
Key Equations
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
Organic Chemistry
24.1 Classes of Organic Compounds
24.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
CHEMISTRY in Action Ice That Burns
24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
24.4 Chemistry of the Functional Groups
CHEMISTRY in Action The Petroleum Industry
Learning Objectives
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY The Disappearing Fingerprints
Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymers
25.1 Properties of Polymers
25.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers
25.3 Proteins
CHEMISTRY in Action Sickle Cell Anemia—A Molecular Disease
25.4 Nucleic Acids
CHEMISTRY in Action DNA Fingerprinting
Learning Objectives
Summary of Concepts & Facts
Questions & Problems
CHEMICAL MYSTERY A Story That Will Curl Your Hair
Appendix 1 Units for the Gas Constant
Appendix 2 Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25°C
Appendix 3 Mathematical Operations
Glossary
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems
Index