The rapid growth and expansion of the chemical process industry during the past century have been accompanied by a simultaneous rise in human health problems as well as material and property losses because of fires, explosions, hazardous and toxic spills, equipment failures, other accidents, and business interruptions. Concern over the potential consequences of emissions of harmful chemicals (along with catastrophic accidents) has sparked interest at both the industrial and regulatory levels in obtaining a better understanding of the potential for environmental health risks in chemical and related industries. This practical book presents and examines the environmental and health risk assessment calculations as they apply to various chemical process industries.
Chemical Process Industries: Environmental and Health Risk Calculations can be used as a college text designed to provide new engineers and scientists some comprehension of the industries into which they may enter. It also serves as a useful reference for practitioners and will help them better understand the health risk aspects of various industrial operations. The chemical process industries employ mechanical, electrical, and civil engineers and a host of other scientists; these professions should also benefit from material in this book that applies to their fields of work.
Author(s): Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 424
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
About the Authors
Contributor
Preface
PART I: Introduction to Environmental and Health Risk
Chapter 1: Definitions/Glossary of Environmental and Health Risk Terms
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Terms and Definitions
1.3. Illustrative Examples
1.3.1. Illustrative Example 1
1.3.2. Illustrative Example 2
1.3.3. Illustrative Example 3
1.3.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 2: Introduction to Environmental and Health Risk
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Risk Variables and Categories
2.2.1. Risk Variables
2.2.2. Risk Categories
2.3. Financial Risk
2.4. Sports Risk
2.5. Environmental and Health Risk Terms
2.6. Risk Errors
2.7. Illustrative Examples
2.7.1. Illustrative Example 1
2.7.2. Illustrative Example 2
2.7.3. Illustrative Example 3
2.7.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 3: Environmental and Health Risk Analysis
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Health Risk Assessment/Analysis
3.2.1. Health Problem Identification
3.2.2. Toxicity and Dose-response Assessment
3.2.3. Exposure Assessment
3.2.4. Health Risk Characterization
3.3. Hazard Risk Assessment/Analysis
3.3.1. Hazard/event Problem Identification
3.3.2. Hazard/event Probability
3.3.3. Hazard/event Consequences
3.3.4. Hazard Risk Characterization
3.4. Risk Uncertainties/Limitations
3.4.1. Health Risk
3.4.2. Hazard Risk
3.5. Environmental Regulations
3.5.1. Air
3.5.2. Water
3.5.3. Solid Waste
3.5.4. Pollution Prevention
3.6. Illustrative Examples
3.6.1. Illustrative Example 1
3.6.2. Illustrative Example 2
3.6.3. Illustrative Example 3
3.6.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 4: Introduction to Probability and Statistics
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Probability Definitions and Interpretations
4.3. Basic Probability Theory
4.4. Median, Mean, and Standard Deviation
4.5. Random Variables
4.6. Linear Regression
4.7. Illustrative Examples
4.7.1. Illustrative Example 1
4.7.2. Illustrative Example 2
4.7.3. Illustrative Example 3
4.7.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 5: Probability Distributions
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Discrete Probability Distributions
5.2.1. Binomial Distribution
5.2.2. Multinominal Distribution
5.2.2.1. Permutations and Combinations
5.2.2.2. Multinomial Theorem
5.2.3. Hypergeometric Distribution
5.2.4. Poisson Distribution
5.3. Continuous Probability Distributions
5.3.1. Weibull Distribution
5.3.2. Normal Distribution
5.3.3. Exponential Distribution
5.3.4. Log-normal Distribution
5.3.5. Other Continuous Probability Distributions
5.4. Illustrative Examples
5.4.1. Illustrative Example 1
5.4.2. Illustrative Example 2
5.4.3. Illustrative Example 3
5.4.4. Illustrative Example 4
5.4.5. Illustrative Example 5
5.4.6. Illustrative Example 6
5.4.7. Illustrative Example 7
Problems
References
PART II: Chemical Process Industries
Chapter 6: Definitions/Glossary of Chemical Process Terms
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Terms and Definitions
6.3. Illustrative Examples
6.3.1. Illustrative Example 1
6.3.2. Illustrative Example 2
6.3.3. Illustrative Example 3
6.3.4. Illustrative Example 4
6.3.5. Illustrative Example 5
6.3.6. Illustrative Example 6
6.3.7. Illustrative Example 7
6.3.8. Illustrative Example 8
Problems
References
Chapter 7: History
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Early History
7.3. The Role of Science
7.4. The Modern Chemical Process Industry
7.5. The History of Engineering
7.6. Sources of Information for the CPI
7.6.1. Traditional Sources
7.6.2. Engineering and Science Sources
7.6.3. Internet Sources
7.6.4. Personal Experience
7.7. Illustrative Examples
7.7.1. Illustrative Example 1
7.7.2. Illustrative Example 2
7.7.3. Illustrative Example 3
7.7.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 8: Chemical Process Equipment
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Chemical Reactors
8.2.1. Reactor Definition
8.2.2. Reactor Type
8.3. Heat Exchangers
8.4. Mass Transfer Equipment
8.4.1. Distillation
8.4.2. Adsorption
8.4.3. Absorption
8.4.4. Evaporation
8.4.5. Extraction
8.4.6. Drying
8.5. Fluid Flow Equipment
8.5.1. Pipes and Tubing
8.5.2. Ducts
8.5.3. Fittings
8.5.4. Valves
8.5.5. Fans and Blowers
8.5.6. Pumps
8.5.7. Compressors
8.5.8. Stacks
8.6. Ancillary Equipment
8.6.1. Electricity
8.6.2. Steam
8.6.3. Water
8.6.3.1. Cooling Water
8.6.3.2. Potable and General Use Water
8.6.3.3. Demineralized Water
8.6.4. Refrigeration
8.6.5. Compressed Air
8.6.6. Inert Gas Supplies
8.7. Material Transportation and Storage Equipment
8.7.1. Gases
8.7.2. Liquids
8.7.3. Solids
8.8. Instrumentation and Controls
8.8.1. Feedback Loop Instrumentation and Control Systems
8.8.2. Automatic Trip Systems and Interlocks
8.9. Process Diagrams
8.9.1. Block Diagrams
8.9.2. Graphic Flow Diagrams
8.9.3. Process Flow Diagrams
8.9.4. Process P&IDs
8.9.5. Tree Diagrams
8.9.5.1. Fault Tree Analysis
8.9.5.2. Event Tree Analysis
8.9.6. Preparing Flow Diagrams
8.10. Illustrative Examples
8.10.1. Illustrative Example 1
8.10.2. Illustrative Example 2
8.10.3. Illustrative Example 3
8.10.4. Illustrative Example 4
8.10.5. Illustrative Example 5
Problems
References
Chapter 9: Chemical Processes: Fundamentals and Principles
9.1. Introduction
9.2. The Chemical Process
9.3. The Conservation Law
9.4. Conservation of Mass, Energy, and Momentum
9.5. Stoichiometry
9.6. Limiting and Excess Reactants
9.7. Optimum Process Design
9.8. Problem Solving
9.8.1. Generic Problem-solving Techniques
9.8.2. A Specific Problem-solving Approach
9.8.3. Some General Comments
9.9. Illustrative Examples
9.9.1. Illustrative Example 1
9.9.2. Illustrative Example 2
9.9.3. Illustrative Example 3
9.9.4. Illustrative Example 4
9.9.5. Illustrative Example 5
9.9.6. Illustrative Example 6
9.9.7. Illustrative Example 7
Problems
References
Chapter 10: Industry-Specific Processes
10.1. Introduction
10.2. The Early CPI
10.3. The Shreve CPI
10.4. The Theodore-Dupont CPI
10.5. Illustrative Examples
10.5.1. Illustrative Example 1
10.5.2. Illustrative Example 2
10.5.3. Illustrative Example 3
10.5.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
Reference
Chapter 11: Emergency Planning and Response
11.1. Introduction
11.2. The Need for Emergency Response Planning
11.3. The Planning Committee
11.4. Hazard Surveys
11.5. Planning for Emergencies
11.6. Training of Personnel
11.7. Notification of Public and Regulatory Officials
11.8. Plan Implementation
11.9. Illustrative Examples
11.9.1. Illustrative Example 1
11.9.2. Illustrative Example 2
11.9.3. Illustrative Example 3
11.9.4. Illustrative Example 4
11.9.5. Illustrative Example 5
11.9.6. Illustrative Example 6
11.9.7. Illustrative Example 7
Problems
References
PART III: Health Risk Calculations for Specific
Chemical Process Industries
Chapter 12: Inorganic Chemicals
12.1. Introduction
12.2. General Comments
12.3. Sulfuric Acid
12.4. Hydrochloric Acid
12.5. Ammonium Nitrate
12.6. Sodium Chloride
12.7. Cement
12.8. Glass
12.9. Illustrative Examples
12.9.1. Illustrative Example 1
12.9.2. Illustrative Example 2
12.9.3. Illustrative Example 3
12.9.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 13: Organic Chemicals
13.1. Introduction
13.2. General Comments
13.3. Phenol
13.4. Ethyl Acetate
13.5. Plastic
13.6. Paper
13.7. Rubber
13.8. Illustrative Examples
13.8.1. Illustrative Example 1
13.8.2. Illustrative Example 2
13.8.3. Illustrative Example 3
13.8.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 14: Petroleum Refining
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Drilling
14.3. Refining/Processing
14.4. Petrochemicals
14.5. Transportation/Transmission
14.5.1. Pipelines
14.5.2. Ships
14.5.3. Trains
14.6. Illustrative Examples
14.6.1. Illustrative Example 1
14.6.2. Illustrative Example 2
14.6.3. Illustrative Example 3
14.6.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 15: Energy and Power
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Fossil Fuels
15.2.1. Coal
15.2.2. Oil
15.2.3. Natural Gas
15.2.4. Oil Shale
15.3. Nuclear Energy
15.4. Solar Energy
15.5. Hydroelectric and Geothermal Energy
15.6. Power Generation
15.7. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
15.7.1. Air Conditioning
15.7.2. Refrigeration
15.8. Illustrative Examples
15.8.1. Illustrative Example 1
15.8.2. Illustrative Example 2
15.8.3. Illustrative Example 3
15.8.4. Illustrative Example 4
15.8.5. Illustrative Example 5
15.8.6. Illustrative Example 6
Problems
References
Chapter 16: Pharmaceuticals
16.1. Introduction
16.2. General Comments (Barboza et al. 1977)
16.3. History
16.4. PhRMA
16.5. Research and Development
16.6. Process Descriptions
16.6.1. Chemical Synthesis
16.6.2. Fermentation
16.6.3. Extraction
16.6.4. Formulation
16.7. Other Operation and Facility Considerations
16.7.1. Storage and Transfer
16.7.2. Power and Steam Generation
16.7.3. Waste Disposal
16.7.4. Wastewater Treatment
16.7.5. QA/QC
16.8. Illustrative Examples
16.8.1. Illustrative Example 1
16.8.2. Illustrative Example 2
16.8.3. Illustrative Example 3
16.8.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 17: Food Products Industry
17.1. Introduction
17.2. History
17.3. The Food and Drug Administration
17.4. Food Processing and Preservation
17.4.1. Canning
17.4.2. Freezing
17.4.3. Dehydration
17.4.4. Miscellaneous Methods
17.5. Refrigeration
17.6. Food Additives
17.7. Illustrative Examples
17.7.1. Illustrative Example 1
17.7.2. Illustrative Example 2
17.7.3. Illustrative Example 3
17.7.4. Illustrative Example 4
17.7.5. Illustrative Example 5
Problems
References
Chapter 18: Nanotechnology
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Nanotechnology
18.2.1. Nanomaterials
18.2.2. Nanomaterial Production
18.2.2.1. High-Temperature Processes
18.2.2.2. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
18.2.2.3. Electrodeposition
18.2.2.4. Sol-Gel Synthesis
18.2.2.5. Mechanical Crushing Via Ball Milling
18.2.2.6. Naturally Occurring Materials
18.3. Current Applications
18.4. Environmental Implications
18.5. Health Risk Assessment
18.6. Hazard Risk Assessment
18.7. Environmental Regulations
18.8. Future Trends
18.9. Illustrative Examples
18.9.1. Illustrative Example 1
18.9.2. Illustrative Example 2
18.9.3. Illustrative Example 3
18.9.4. Illustrative Example 4
18.9.5. Illustrative Example 5
Problems
References
Chapter 19: Military and Terrorism
19.1. Introduction
19.2. The US Military
19.3. Explosives
19.4. Terrorism
19.4.1. International Terrorism
19.4.2. The Need for Emergency Response Planning
19.4.3. Anti-Terrorism Efforts
19.5. Current Risks and Prioritization for Risk Reduction
19.6. Illustrative Examples
19.6.1. Illustrative Example 1
19.6.2. Illustrative Example 2
19.6.3. Illustrative Example 3
19.6.4. Illustrative Example 4
19.6.5. Illustrative Example 5
Problems
References
Chapter 20: Weather and Climate
20.1. Introduction
20.2. History
20.3. Climate
20.4. Meteorological Factors
20.4.1. Plume Rise
20.4.2. Effective Stack Height
20.5. Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling
20.6. The National Weather Service
20.7. Weather Observations
20.8. Weather Forecasting
20.9. Illustrative Examples
20.9.1. Illustrative Example 1
20.9.2. Illustrative Example 2
20.9.3. Illustrative Example 3
20.9.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Chapter 21: Architecture and Urban Planning
21.1. Introduction
21.2. History
21.3. Current Debate on the Need for Sustainable Architecture
21.4. Siting
21.5. Design Considerations
21.6. Materials Considerations
21.7. Illustrative Examples
21.7.1. Illustrative Example 1
21.7.2. Illustrative Example 2
21.7.3. Illustrative Example 3
21.7.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
Reference
Chapter 22: Environmental Considerations
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Air Pollutants
22.2.1. Ozone and Carbon Monoxide
22.2.2. Airborne Particulates
22.2.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain
22.2.4. Hazardous Air Pollutants
22.2.5. Indoor Air Pollutants
22.2.5.1. Radon
22.2.5.2. Secondhand Smoke
22.2.5.3. Other Combustion Products
22.2.5.4. Volatile Organic Compounds
22.2.5.5. Biologicals
22.3. Water Pollutants
22.3.1. Drinking Water Supplies
22.3.1.1. Lead
22.3.1.2. Arsenic
22.3.1.3. Radionuclides
22.3.1.4. Microbiological Contaminants
22.3.1.5. Disinfection By-products
22.3.2. Surface Water Pollutants
22.3.2.1. Point Sources
22.3.2.2. Nonpoint Sources
22.4. Solid Waste
22.4.1. Non-Hazardous Waste
22.4.2. Hazardous Waste
22.5. Toxic Substances
22.5.1. New and Existing Chemicals Program
22.5.2. Polychlorinated Biphenyls Program
22.5.3. Asbestos Program
22.5.4. Lead-Based Paint Program
22.5.5. Formaldehyde
22.6. Illustrative Examples
22.6.1. Illustrative Example 1
22.6.2. Illustrative Example 2
22.6.3. Illustrative Example 3
22.6.4. Illustrative Example 4
Problems
References
Index
