Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight

Cover
Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents in Brief
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
FUNDAMENTALS
Introduction and Orientation
A Matter and Energy
A.1 Symbols and Units
A.2 Accuracy and Precision
A.3 Force
A.4 Energy
FUNDAMENTALS A Exercises
B Elements and Atoms
B.1 Atoms
B.2 The Nuclear Model
B.3 Isotopes
B.4 The Organization of the Elements
FUNDAMENTALS B Exercises
C Compounds
C.1 What Are Compounds?
C.2 Molecules and Molecular Compounds
C.3 Ions and Ionic Compounds
FUNDAMENTALS C Exercises
D Nomenclature
D.1 Names of Cations
D.2 Names of Anions
D.3 Names of Ionic Compounds
TOOLBOX D.1 How to Name Ionic Compounds
D.4 Names of Inorganic Molecular Compounds
TOOLBOX D.2 How to Name Simple Inorganic Molecular Compounds
D.5 The Nomenclature of Some Common Organic Compounds
FUNDAMENTALS D Exercises
E Moles and Molar Masses
E.1 The Mole
E.2 Molar Mass
FUNDAMENTALS E Exercises
F The Determination of Composition
F.1 Mass Percentage Composition
F.2 Determining Empirical Formulas
F.3 Determining Molecular Formulas
FUNDAMENTALS F Exercises
G Mixtures and Solutions
G.1 Classifying Mixtures
G.2 Separation Techniques
G.3 Concentration
G.4 Dilution
TOOLBOX G.1 How to Calculate the Volume of Stock Solution Required for a Given Dilution
FUNDAMENTALS G Exercises
H Chemical Equations
H.1 Representing Chemical Reactions
H.2 Balanced Chemical Equations
FUNDAMENTALS H Exercises
I Precipitation Reactions
I.1 Electrolytes
I.2 Precipitates
I.3 Ionic and Net Ionic Equations
I.4 Putting Precipitation to Work
FUNDAMENTALS I Exercises
J Acids and Bases
J.1 Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution
J.2 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
J.3 Neutralization
FUNDAMENTALS J Exercises
K Redox Reactions
K.1 Oxidation and Reduction
K.2 Oxidation Numbers
TOOLBOX K.1 How to Assign Oxidation Numbers
K.3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
K.4 Balancing Simple Redox Equations
FUNDAMENTALS K Exercises
L Reaction Stoichiometry
L.1 Mole-to-Mole Predictions
L.2 Mass-to-Mass Predictions
TOOLBOX L.1 How to Carry Out Mass-to- Mass Calculations
L.3 Volumetric Analysis
TOOLBOX L.2 How to Interpret a Titration
FUNDAMENTALS L Exercises
M Limiting Reactants
M.1 Reaction Yield
M.2 The Limits of Reaction
TOOLBOX M.1 How to Identify the Limiting Reactant
M.3 Combustion Analysis
FUNDAMENTALS M Exercises
FOCUS 1 ATOMS
Topic 1A Investigating Atoms
1A.1 The Nuclear Model of the Atom
1A.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
1A.3 Atomic Spectra
TOPIC 1A Exercises
Topic 1B Quantum Theory
1B.1 Radiation, Quanta, and Photons
1B.2 The Wave –Particle Duality of Matter
1B.3 The Uncertainty Principle
TOPIC 1B Exercises
Topic 1C Wavefunctions and Energy Levels
1C.1 The Wavefunction and Its Interpretation
1C.2 The Quantization of Energy
BOX 1C.1 Nanocrystals
TOPIC 1C Exercises
Topic 1D The Hydrogen Atom
1D.1 Energy Levels
1D.2 Atomic Orbitals
1D.3 Quantum Numbers, Shells, and Subshells
1D.4 The Shapes of Orbitals
1D.5 Electron Spin
BOX 1D.1 How Do We Know . . . That an Electron Has Spin?
1D.6 The Electronic Structure of Hydrogen
TOPIC 1D Exercises
Topic 1E Many-Electron Atoms
1E.1 Orbital Energies
1E.2 The Building-Up Principle
TOOLBOX 1E.1 How to Predict the Ground-State Electron Configuration of an Atom
TOPIC 1E Exercises
Topic 1F Periodicity
1F.1 The General Structure of the Periodic Table
1F.2 Atomic Radius
1F.3 Ionic Radius
1F.4 Ionization Energy
1F.5 Electron Affinity
1F.6 The Inert-Pair Effect
1F.7 Diagonal Relationships
1F.8 The General Properties of the Elements
TOPIC 1F Exercises
FOCUS 1 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 1 Exercises
FOCUS 2 MOLECULES
Topic 2A Ionic Bonding
2A.1 The Ions That Elements Form
2A.2 Lewis Symbols
2A.3 The Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
2A.4 Interactions Between Ions
TOPIC 2A Exercises
Topic 2B Covalent Bonding
2B.1 Lewis Structures
TOOLBOX 2B.1 How to Write the Lewis Structure of a Polyatomic Species
2B.2 Resonance
2B.3 Formal Charge
TOOLBOX 2B.2 How to Use Formal Charge to Identify the Most Likely Lewis Structure
TOPIC 2B Exercises
Topic 2C Beyond the Octet Rule
2C.1 Radicals and Biradicals
BOX 2C.1 What Has This to Do With . . . Staying Alive? Chemical Self-Preservation
2C.2 Expanded Valence Shells
2C.3 Incomplete Octets
TOPIC 2C Exercises
Topic 2D The Properties of Bonds
2D.1 Correcting the Covalent Model: Electronegativity
2D.2 Correcting the Ionic Model: Polarizability
2D.3 Bond Strengths
2D.4 Bond Lengths
TOPIC 2D Exercises
Topic 2E The VSEPR Model
2E.1 The Basic VSEPR Model
BOX 2E.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: Drugs by Design and Discovery
2E.2 Molecules with Lone Pairs on the Central Atom
TOOLBOX 2E.1 How to Use the VSEPR Model
2E.3 Polar Molecules
TOPIC 2E Exercises
Topic 2F Valence-Bond Theory
2F.1 Sigma and Pi Bonds
2F.2 Electron Promotion and the Hybridization of Orbitals
2F.3 Other Common Types of Hybridization
2F.4 Characteristics of Multiple Bonds
TOPIC 2F Exercises
Topic 2G Molecular Orbital Theory
2G.1 Molecular Orbitals
2G.2 Electron Configurations of Diatomic Molecules
BOX 2G.1 How Do We Know . . . The Energies of Molecular Orbitals?
TOOLBOX 2G.1 How to Determine the Electron Configuration and Bond Order of a Homonuclear Diatomic Species
BOX 2G.2 How Do We Know . . . That Electrons Are Not Paired?
2G.3 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
2G.4 Orbitals in Polyatomic Molecules
TOPIC 2G Exercises
FOCUS 2 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 2 Exercises
FOCUS 3 STATES OF MATTER
Topic 3A The Nature of Gases
3A.1 Observing Gases
3A.2 Pressure
3A.3 Alternative Units of Pressure
TOPIC 3A Exercises
Topic 3B The Gas Laws
3B.1 The Experimental Observations
3B.2 Applications of the Ideal Gas Law
3B.3 Molar Volume and Gas Density
TOPIC 3B Exercises
Topic 3C Gases in Mixtures and Reactions
3C.1 Mixtures of Gases
3C.2 The Stoichiometry of Reacting Gases
TOPIC 3C Exercises
Topic 3D Molecular Motion
3D.1 Diffusion and Effusion
3D.2 The Kinetic Model of Gases
3D.3 The Maxwell Distribution of Speeds
BOX 3D.1 How Do We Know . . . The Distribution of Molecular Speeds?
TOPIC 3D Exercises
Topic 3E Real Gases
3E.1 Deviations from Ideality
3E.2 Equations of State of Real Gases
3E.3 The Liquefaction of Gases
TOPIC 3E Exercises
Topic 3F Intermolecular Forces
3F.1 The Origin of Intermolecular Forces
3F.2 Ion–Dipole Forces
3F.3 Dipole–Dipole Forces
3F.4 London Forces
3F.5 Hydrogen Bonding
3F.6 Repulsions
TOPIC 3F Exercises
Topic 3G Liquids
3G.1 Order in Liquids
3G.2 Viscosity and Surface Tension
3G.3 Liquid Crystals
3G.4 Ionic Liquids
TOPIC 3G Exercises
Topic 3H Solids
3H.1 Classification of Solids
BOX 3H.1 How Do We Know . . . What a Surface Looks Like?
3H.2 Molecular Solids
3H.3 Network Solids
3H.4 Metallic Solids
3H.5 Unit Cells
3H.6 Ionic Solids
TOPIC 3H Exercises
Topic 3I Inorganic Materials
3I.1 Alloys
3I.2 Silicates
3I.3 Calcium Carbonate
3I.4 Cement and Concrete
TOPIC 3I Exercises
Topic 3J Materials for New Technologies
3J.1 Electrical Conduction in Solids
3J.2 Semiconductors
3J.3 Superconductors
3J.4 Luminescent Materials
3J.5 Magnetic Materials
3J.6 Nanomaterials
3J.7 Nanotubes
TOPIC 3J Exercises
FOCUS 3 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 3 Exercises
INTERLUDE Ceramics and Glasses
FOCUS 4 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 4A Work and Heat
4A.1 Systems and Surroundings
4A.2 Work
4A.3 Expansion Work
4A.4 Heat
4A.5 The Measurement of Heat
TOPIC 4A Exercises
Topic 4B Internal Energy
4B.1 The First Law
4B.2 State Functions
4B.3 A Molecular Interlude
TOPIC 4B Exercises
Topic 4C Enthalpy
4C.1 Heat Transfers at Constant Pressure
4C.2 Heat Capacities at Constant Volume and Constant Pressure
4C.3 The Molecular Origin of the Heat Capacities of Gases
4C.4 The Enthalpy of Physical Change
4C.5 Heating Curves
BOX 4C.1 How Do We Know . . . The Shape of a Heating Curve?
TOPIC 4C Exercises
Topic 4D Thermochemistry
4D.1 Reaction Enthalpy
4D.2 The Relation Between ΔH and ΔU
4D.3 Standard Reaction Enthalpies
BOX 4D.1 What Has This to Do With . . . The Environment? Alternative Fuels
4D.4 Combining Reaction Enthalpies: Hess’s Law
TOOLBOX 4D.1 How to Use Hess’s Law
4D.5 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
4D.6 The Variation of Reaction Enthalpy with Temperature
TOPIC 4D Exercises
Topic 4E Contributions to Enthalpy
4E.1 Ion Formation
4E.2 The Born–Haber Cycle
4E.3 Bond Enthalpies
TOPIC 4E Exercises
Topic 4F Entropy
4F.1 Spontaneous Change
4F.2 Entropy and Disorder
4F.3 Entropy and Volume
4F.4 Entropy and Temperature
4F.5 Entropy and Physical State
TOPIC 4F Exercises
Topic 4G The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy
4G.1 The Boltzmann Formula
4G.2 The Equivalence of Statistical and Thermodynamic Entropies
TOPIC 4G Exercises
Topic 4H Absolute Entropies
4H.1 Standard Molar Entropies
BOX 4H.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: The Quest for Absolute Zero
4H.2 Standard Reaction Entropies
TOPIC 4H Exercises
Topic 4I Global Changes in Entropy
4I.1 The Surroundings
4I.2 The Overall Change in Entropy
4I.3 Equilibrium
TOPIC 4I Exercises
Topic 4J Gibbs Free Energy
4J.1 Focusing on the System
4J.2 Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction
4J.3 The Gibbs Free Energy and Nonexpansion Work
4J.4 The Effect of Temperature
TOPIC 4J Exercises
FOCUS 4 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 4 Exercises
INTERLUDE Free Energy and Life
FOCUS 5 EQUILIBRIUM
Topic 5A Vapor Pressure
5A.1 The Origin of Vapor Pressure
5A.2 Volatility and Intermolecular Forces
5A.3 The Variation of Vapor Pressure with Temperature
5A.4 Boiling
TOPIC 5A Exercises
Topic 5B Phase Equilibria in One-Component Systems
5B.1 One-Component Phase Diagrams
5B.2 Critical Properties
TOPIC 5B Exercises
Topic 5C Phase Equilibria in Two-Component Systems
5C.1 The Vapor Pressure of Mixtures
5C.2 Binary Liquid Mixtures
5C.3 Distillation
5C.4 Azeotropes
TOPIC 5C Exercises
Topic 5D Solubility
5D.1 The Limits of Solubility
5D.2 The Like-Dissolves-Like Rule
5D.3 Pressure and Gas Solubility
5D.4 Temperature and Solubility
5D.5 The Thermodynamics of Dissolving
5D.6 Colloids
TOPIC 5D Exercises
Topic 5E Molality
TOOLBOX 5E.1 How to Use the Molality
TOPIC 5E Exercises
Topic 5F Colligative Properties
5F.1 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
5F.2 Osmosis
BOX 5F.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: Drug Delivery
TOOLBOX 5F.1 How to Use Colligative Properties to Determine Molar Mass
TOPIC 5F Exercises
Topic 5G Chemical Equilibrium
5G.1 The Reversibility of Reactions
5G.2 Equilibrium and the Law of Mass Action
5G.3 The Origin of Equilibrium Constants
5G.4 The Thermodynamic Description of Equilibrium
TOPIC 5G Exercises
Topic 5H Alternative Forms of the Equilibrium Constant
5H.1 Multiples of the Chemical Equation
5H.2 Composite Equations
5H.3 Molar Concentrations of Gases
TOPIC 5H Exercises
Topic 5I Equilibrium Calculations
5I.1 The Extent of Reaction
5I.2 The Direction of Reaction
5I.3 Calculations with Equilibrium Constants
TOOLBOX 5I.1 How to Set Up and Use an Equilibrium Table
TOPIC 5I Exercises
Topic 5J The Response of Equilibria to Changes in Conditions
5J.1 Adding and Removing Reagents
5J.2 Compressing a Reaction Mixture
5J.3 Temperature and Equilibrium
TOPIC 5J Exercises
FOCUS 5 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 5 Exercises
INTERLUDE Homeostasis
FOCUS 6 REACTIONS
Topic 6A The Nature of Acids and Bases
6A.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
6A.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
6A.3 Acidic, Basic, and Amphoteric Oxides
6A.4 Proton Exchange Between Water Molecules
TOPIC 6A Exercises
Topic 6B The pH Scale
6B.1 The Interpretation of pH
6B.2 The pOH of Solutions
TOPIC 6B Exercises
Topic 6C Weak Acids and Bases
6C.1 Acidity and Basicity Constants
6C.2 The Conjugate Seesaw
6C.3 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength
6C.4 The Strengths of Oxoacids and Carboxylic Acids
TOPIC 6C Exercises
Topic 6D The pH of Aqueous Solutions
6D.1 Solutions of Weak Acids
TOOLBOX 6D.1 How to Calculate the pH of a Solution of a Weak Acid
6D.2 Solutions of Weak Bases
TOOLBOX 6D.2 How to Calculate the pH of a Solution of a Weak Base
6D.3 The pH of Salt Solutions
TOPIC 6D Exercises
Topic 6E Polyprotic Acids and Bases
6E.1 The pH of a Polyprotic Acid Solution
6E.2 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
6E.3 The Concentrations of Solute Species
TOOLBOX 6E.1 How to Calculate the Concentrations of All Species in a Polyprotic Acid Solution
6E.4 Composition and pH
BOX 6E.1 What Has This to Do With . . . The Environment? Acid Rain and the Gene Pool
TOPIC 6E Exercises
Topic 6F Autoprotolysis and pH
6F.1 Very Dilute Solutions of Strong Acids and Bases
6F.2 Very Dilute Solutions of Weak Acids
TOPIC 6F Exercises
Topic 6G Buffers
6G.1 Buffer Action
6G.2 Designing a Buffer
6G.3 Buffer Capacity
BOX 6G.1 What Has This to Do With . . . Staying Alive? Physiological Buffers
TOPIC 6G Exercises
Topic 6H Acid–Base Titrations
6H.1 Strong Acid–Strong Base Titrations
TOOLBOX 6H.1 How to Calculate the pH During a Strong Acid–Strong Base Titration
6H.2 Strong Acid–Weak Base and Weak Acid–Strong Base Titrations
TOOLBOX 6H.2 How to Calculate the pH During a Titration of a Weak Acid or a Weak Base
6H.3 Acid–Base Indicators
6H.4 Polyprotic Acid Titrations
TOPIC 6H Exercises
Topic 6I Solubility Equilibria
6I.1 The Solubility Product
6I.2 The Common-Ion Effect
6I.3 Complex Ion Formation
TOPIC 6I Exercises
Topic 6J Precipitation
6J.1 Predicting Precipitation
6J.2 Selective Precipitation
6J.3 Dissolving Precipitates
6J.4 Qualitative Analysis
TOPIC 6J Exercises
Topic 6K Representing Redox Reactions
6K.1 Half-Reactions
6K.2 Balancing Redox Equations
TOOLBOX 6K.1 How to Balance Complicated Redox Equations
TOPIC 6K Exercises
Topic 6L Galvanic Cells
6L.1 The Structure of Galvanic Cells
6L.2 Cell Potential and Reaction Gibbs Free Energy
6L.3 The Notation for Cells
TOOLBOX 6L.1 How to Write a Cell Reaction Corresponding to a Cell Diagram
TOPIC 6L Exercises
Topic 6M Standard Potentials
6M.1 The Definition of Standard Potential
6M.2 The Electrochemical Series
TOPIC 6M Exercises
Topic 6N Applications of Standard Potentials
6N.1 Standard Potentials and Equilibrium Constants
TOOLBOX 6N.1 How to Calculate Equilibrium Constants from Electrochemical Data
6N.2 The Nernst Equation
6N.3 Ion-Selective Electrodes
6N.4 Corrosion
TOPIC 6N Exercises
Topic 6O Electrolysis
6O.1 Electrolytic Cells
6O.2 The Products of Electrolysis
TOOLBOX 6O.1 How to Predict the Result of Electrolysis
6O.3 Applications of Electrolysis
TOPIC 6O Exercises
FOCUS 6 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 6 Exercises
INTERLUDE Practical Cells
FOCUS 7 KINETICS
Topic 7A Reaction Rates
7A.1 Concentration and Reaction Rate
BOX 7A.1 How Do We Know . . . What Happens to Atoms During a Reaction?
7A.2 The Instantaneous Rate of Reaction
7A.3 Rate Laws and Reaction Order
TOPIC 7A Exercises
Topic 7B Integrated Rate Laws
7B.1 First-Order Integrated Rate Laws
7B.2 Half-Lives for First-Order Reactions
7B.3 Second-Order Integrated Rate Laws
TOPIC 7B Exercises
Topic 7C Reaction Mechanisms
7C.1 Elementary Reactions
7C.2 The Rate Laws of Elementary Reactions
7C.3 Combining Elementary Rate Laws
7C.4 Rates and Equilibrium
7C.5 Chain Reactions
TOPIC 7C Exercises
Topic 7D Models of Reactions
7D.1 The Effect of Temperature
7D.2 Collision Theory
BOX 7D.1 How Do You Know . . . What Happens During a Molecular Collision?
7D.3 Transition State Theory
TOPIC 7D Exercises
Topic 7E Catalysis
7E.1 How Catalysts Work
BOX 7E.1 What Has This to Do With . . . The Environment? Protecting the Ozone Layer
7E.2 Industrial Catalysts
7E.3 Living Catalysts: Enzymes
TOPIC 7E Exercises
FOCUS 7 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 7 Exercises
FOCUS 8 THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS
Topic 8A Periodic Trends
8A.1 Atomic Properties
8A.2 Bonding Trends
8A.3 Trends Exhibited by Hydrides and Oxides
TOPIC 8A Exercises
Topic 8B Hydrogen
8B.1 The Element
BOX 8B.1 What Has This to Do With . . . The Environment? The Greenhouse Effect
8B.2 Compounds of Hydrogen
TOPIC 8B Exercises
Topic 8C Group 1: The Alkali Metals
8C.1 The Group 1 Elements
8C.2 Compounds of Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium
TOPIC 8C Exercises
Topic 8D Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
8D.1 The Group 2 Elements
8D.2 Compounds of Beryllium, Magnesium, and Calcium
TOPIC 8D Exercises
Topic 8E Group 13: The Boron Family
8E.1 The Group 13 Elements
8E.2 Group 13 Oxides, Halides, and Nitrides
8E.3 Boranes, Borohydrides, and Borides
TOPIC 8E Exercises
Topic 8F Group 14: The Carbon Family
8F.1 The Group 14 Elements
BOX 8F.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: Self-Assembling Materials
8F.2 Oxides of Carbon and Silicon
8F.3 Other Important Group 14 Compounds
TOPIC 8F Exercises
Topic 8G Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
8G.1 The Group 15 Elements
8G.2 Compounds with Hydrogen and the Halogens
8G.3 Nitrogen Oxides and Oxoacids
8G.4 Phosphorus Oxides and Oxoacids
TOPIC 8G Exercises
Topic 8H Group 16: The Oxygen Family
8H.1 The Group 16 Elements
8H.2 Compounds with Hydrogen
8H.3 Sulfur Oxides and Oxoacids
TOPIC 8H Exercises
Topic 8I Group 17: The Halogens
8I.1 The Group 17 Elements
8I.2 Compounds of the Halogens
TOPIC 8I Exercises
Topic 8J Group 18: The Noble Gases
8J.1 The Group 18 Elements
8J.2 Compounds of the Noble Gases
TOPIC 8J Exercises
FOCUS 8 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 8 Exercises
FOCUS 9 THE d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Topic 9A Periodic Trends of the d-Block Elements
9A.1 Trends in Physical Properties
9A.2 Trends in Chemical Properties
TOPIC 9A Exercises
Topic 9B Selected d-Block Elements: A Survey
9B.1 Scandium Through Nickel
9B.2 Groups 11 and 12
TOPIC 9B Exercises
Topic 9C Coordination Compounds
9C.1 Coordination Complexes
BOX 9C.1 What Has This to Do With … Staying Alive? Why We Need to Eat d-Metals
TOOLBOX 9C.1 How to Name d-Metal Complexes and Coordination Compounds
9C.2 The Shapes of Complexes
9C.3 Isomers
BOX 9C.2 How Do We Know…That a Substance Is Optically Active?
TOPIC 9C Exercises
Topic 9D The Electronic Structure of d-Metal Complexes
9D.1 Crystal Field Theory
9D.2 The Spectrochemical Series
9D.3 The Colors of Complexes
9D.4 Magnetic Properties of Complexes
9D.5 Ligand Field Theory
TOPIC 9D Exercises
FOCUS 9 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 9 Exercises
FOCUS 10 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
Topic 10A Nuclear Decay
10A.1 The Evidence for Spontaneous Nuclear Decay
10A.2 Nuclear Reactions
10A.3 The Pattern of Nuclear Stability
10A.4 Predicting the Type of Nuclear Decay
10A.5 Nucleosynthesis
BOX 10A.1 What Has This to Do With…Staying Alive? Nuclear Medicine
TOPIC 10A Exercises
Topic 10B Radioactivity
10B.1 The Biological Effects of Radiation
10B.2 Measuring the Rate of Nuclear Decay
BOX 10B.1 How Do We Know…How Radioactive a Material Is?
10B.3 Uses of Radioisotopes
TOPIC 10B Exercises
Topic 10C Nuclear Energy
10C.1 Mass–Energy Conversion
10C.2 The Extraction of Nuclear Energy
10C.3 The Chemistry of Nuclear Power
TOPIC 10C Exercises
FOCUS 10 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 10 Exercises
FOCUS 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 11A Structures of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
11A.1 Types of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
TOOLBOX 11A.1 How to Name Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
11A.2 Isomers
11A.3 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Alkenes
TOPIC 11A Exercises
Topic 11B Reactions of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
11B.1 Alkane Substitution Reactions
11B.2 Synthesis of Alkenes and Alkynes
11B.3 Electrophilic Addition
TOPIC 11B Exercises
Topic 11C Aromatic Compounds
11C.1 Nomenclature
11C.2 Electrophilic Substitution
TOPIC 11C Exercises
Topic 11D Common Functional Groups
11D.1 Haloalkanes
11D.2 Alcohols
11D.3 Ethers
11D.4 Phenols
11D.5 Aldehydes and Ketones
11D.6 Carboxylic Acids
11D.7 Esters
11D.8 Amines, Amino Acids, and Amides
TOOLBOX 11D.1 How to Name Simple Compounds with Functional Groups
TOPIC 11D Exercises
Topic 11E Polymers and Biological Macromolecules
11E.1 Addition Polymerization
11E.2 Condensation Polymerization
11E.3 Copolymers and Composite Materials
11E.4 Physical Properties of Polymers
BOX 11E.1 Frontiers of Chemistry: Conducting Polymers
11E.5 Proteins
11E.6 Carbohydrates
11E.7 Nucleic Acids
TOPIC 11E Exercises
FOCUS 11 Online Cumulative Example
FOCUS 11 Exercises
INTERLUDE Technology: Fuels
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 Symbols, Units, and Mathematical Techniques
1A Symbols
1B Units and Unit Conversions
1C Scientific Notation
1D Exponents and Logarithms
1E Equations and Graphs
1F Calculus
APPENDIX 2 Experimental Data
2A Thermodynamic Data at 25 °C
2B Standard Potentials at 25 °C
2C Ground-State Electron Configurations
2D The Elements
APPENDIX 3 Nomenclature
3A The Nomenclature of Polyatomic Ions
3B Common Names of Chemicals
3C Traditional Names of Some Common Cations With Variable Charge Numbers
GLOSSARY
ANSWERS
Self-Tests B
Odd-Numbered Exercises
INDEX
Inside Back Cover
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