Chemical Oceanography of Frontal Zones

Series Preface
Preface
Contents
Introduction to the Chemical Oceanography of Frontal Zones
1 Large-Scale, Persistent Nutrient Fronts of the World Ocean: Impacts on Biogeochemistry [1]
2 The Pacific-Atlantic Front in the East Siberian Sea of the Arctic Ocean [2]
3 Major Nutrient Fronts in the Northeastern Atlantic: From the Subpolar Gyre to Adjacent Shelves [3]
4 Fronts in the Baltic Sea: A Review with a Focus on Its North-Eastern Part [4]
5 The Kuroshio Nutrient Stream: Where Diapycnal Mixing Matters [5]
6 Front-Driven Physical-Biogeochemical-Ecological Interactions in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem [6]
7 Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in Frontal Zones [7]
8 Contamination by Persistent Organic Pollutants and Related Compounds in Deep-Sea Ecosystems Along Frontal Zones Around Japan...
9 Dynamics of Transport, Accumulation, and Export of Plastics at Oceanic Fronts [9]
10 Lagrangian Methods for Visualizing and Assessing Frontal Dynamics of Floating Marine Litter with a Focus on Tidal Basins [1...
References
Large-Scale, Persistent Nutrient Fronts of the World Ocean: Impacts on Biogeochemistry
1 Introduction
2 A Description of the Ocean´s Biogeochemical Fronts
2.1 The Edges of Oxygen Minimum Zones
2.2 Subtropical-Subpolar Gyre Boundaries
2.2.1 The Kuroshio
2.2.2 The Gulf Stream
2.3 Biogeochemical Fronts of the Southern Ocean
2.3.1 The Southern ACC Front (SACCF)
2.3.2 The Antarctic Polar Front (APF)
2.3.3 The Subantarctic Front (SAF)
2.3.4 The Subtropical Frontal Zone (STFZ)
3 The Fronts of the ACC and Their Role in Nutrient and Carbon Return Pathways from the Deep Ocean
4 A Closer Look at Cross-Frontal Exchange
4.1 Fronts as Barriers: Reviewing Results from Kinematic Analysis
4.2 Fronts as Regions of Exchange: Ekman Fluxes
4.3 Ekman Fluxes in the Context of Other Nutrient Supply and Demand Terms
5 Conclusions and Open Questions
References
The Pacific-Atlantic Front in the East Siberian Sea of the Arctic Ocean
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Geography
1.3 Freshwater Contributions
1.4 Hydrography and Water Masses
1.5 General Circulation Patterns
1.6 Variations in the Pacific-Atlantic Front
2 Data and Methods
2.1 Data Sets
2.2 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
2.3 Definition of Geochemical Parameters
3 Results
3.1 Distinct Hydrographic Structures to the West and East of the Lomonosov Ridge
3.2 Variations Within the East Siberian Sea
4 Discussion
4.1 Tracing the Chukchi-Siberian (Pacific-Atlantic) Front Throughout the Arctic Ocean
4.2 Identifying the Split Between Fram Strait and Barents Sea Branches of Lower Halocline Water
5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Major Nutrient Fronts in the Northeastern Atlantic: From the Subpolar Gyre to Adjacent Shelves
1 Introduction
2 Nutrient Fronts in the Open Ocean
2.1 The Main Thermocline: Currents and Water Masses
2.2 From the Thermocline to the Photic Zone
2.3 The Subpolar Gyre
2.4 On and Around Rockall
2.4.1 South of Rockall
2.4.2 The Rockall Trough
2.4.3 On the Rockall-Hatton Plateau
2.5 The Iceland Basin
2.5.1 The Central Iceland Basin Branch
2.5.2 Interaction with the Overflows
2.5.3 Potential Convection into the IW Layer
2.6 An Integrated Perspective: In the Context of Sea-Surface Height, MLD, and the Gyre Index
2.7 After Established Summer Stratification
2.7.1 A Bottom-Up Mackerel Case Study
2.7.2 Gyre Impact on the Summer Conditions
3 Onwelling to Adjacent Shelves
3.1 From the Northeast Atlantic to the North Sea
3.1.1 Future Projections
3.1.2 Observations
3.2 The Faroe Shelf
3.2.1 Primary Production Variability: Intensity and Phenology
3.2.2 Silicate Limitation and Interplay Between the Outer and Central Shelf
3.2.3 Higher Trophic Levels
4 Summary
References
Fronts in the Baltic Sea: A Review with a Focus on Its North-Eastern Part
1 Introduction
2 Hydrographic and Environmental Setting
3 Fronts in the Baltic Proper
4 Estuarine Fronts in the Gulf of Finland
5 Strait Fronts in the Gulf of Riga
6 Upwelling Fronts
7 River Plume Fronts
8 Fronts in Satellite Ocean Colour Imagery
9 Discussion
10 Conclusions
References
The Kuroshio Nutrient Stream: Where Diapycnal Mixing Matters
1 Introduction
2 Observations and Simulations
2.1 In Situ Observations
2.1.1 Observations in the Kuroshio Extension Using a Turbulence Profiler
2.1.2 Tow-Yo CTD Observations Across the Kuroshio in 2015
2.1.3 Observations in the Izu Ridge Using Profiling Floats
2.1.4 Tow-Yo Turbulence Observations in the Tokara Strait
2.1.5 Tow-Yo Turbulence Observations in the Hyuganada Sea
2.2 Instrumentation
2.2.1 Tow-Yo Microstructure Profiler, Underway-VMP
2.2.2 Autonomous Microstructure Profiling Float, Navis-MR
2.3 P-N Line and 137E Line Data
2.4 Numerical Simulation
3 Hydrographic and Nitrate Distributions along the Kuroshio
3.1 Thermohaline Distributions
3.2 Nitrate Distributions
4 Nitrate Transport by the Kuroshio Nutrient Stream
4.1 Mean Along Isopycnal Transport
4.2 Eddy-Induced Along Isopycnal Nutrient Flux
5 Diapycnal Nutrient Flux
5.1 Challenge to Measure Diapycnal Nutrient Flux
5.1.1 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate and Eddy Diffusivity
5.1.2 Microscale Thermal Dissipation Rate and Effective Diffusivity for Heat
6 Mixing near the Kuroshio
6.1 Turbulence Induced by the Kuroshio Flowing Over Topographic Features
6.1.1 Tow-Yo Microstructure Surveys in the Tokara Strait
6.1.2 Tow-Yo Microstructure Surveys in the Hyuganada Sea
6.1.3 Profiling Float Surveys in the Kuroshio Over the Izu Ridge During June 2017
6.2 Turbulence Near the Kuroshio Away from the Topographic Features
6.2.1 Microstructure Observations in the Kuroshio Extension
6.3 Double-Diffusive Convection in the Kuroshio Extension
6.3.1 Profiling Float Surveys in the Kuroshio Extension During July 2013
6.3.2 Interannual Variabilities of Double-Diffusive Favorable Stratification Revealed by Argo Float Data
7 Lateral Advection Versus Diapycnal Nutrient Flux
8 Conclusions and Open Questions
References
Front-Driven Physical-Biogeochemical-Ecological Interactions in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem
1 Introduction
2 Study Area and Data
3 Physicochemical Regimes and Frontogenesis in the Southwestern YSLME
3.1 Thermohaline and Density Fronts in Relation to the Water-Mass Structure
3.2 Turbidity Front
3.3 Nutrient Fronts
4 Front-Driven Physical-Biogeochemical-Ecological Interactions in the Southwestern YSLME
4.1 Nutrient Transport and Light Conditions Associated with the Fronts
4.2 Front-Driven Primary Production Regime
4.3 Anchovy Distribution and Other Ecological Processes in Relation to the Fronts
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in Frontal Zones
1 Introduction
2 Characterization of CDOM and FDOM
2.1 CDOM Absorption Measurements
2.2 FDOM Fluorescence Measurement
3 Vertical Profiles and Relation with Water Masses
3.1 Vertical Distribution
3.1.1 Vertical Mixing and CDOM
3.1.2 Vertical Mixing and FDOM
3.2 Influence of Lateral Ventilation
3.3 Eddy and Upwelling
4 Coastal Frontal Zones
5 Benthic Boundary Layer
6 Remote Sensing in Frontal Zones
References
Contamination by Persistent Organic Pollutants and Related Compounds in Deep-Sea Ecosystems Along Frontal Zones Around Japan
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Study Areas
2.1 The Western North Pacific, Off-Tohoku
2.2 The East China Sea
3 POPs and Related Compounds in the Western North Pacific, Off-Tohoku
3.1 Contamination Status
3.2 Species-Specific Accumulation and Trophic Magnification
3.3 Distribution in Relation to the Water-Mass Structure
3.4 Compositions and Temporal Trends of Organohalogen Compounds
4 POPs and Related Compounds in the East China Sea
4.1 Contamination Status
4.2 Species-Specific Accumulation and Composition of Organohalogen Compounds
4.3 Trophic Magnification and Sources of Contaminants in the Food Web
4.4 Distribution and Transport of POPs into Deep Waters
5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Dynamics of Transport, Accumulation, and Export of Plastics at Oceanic Fronts
1 Introduction
2 Fronts as Boundaries for Plastic Exchanges
3 Ocean Currents and the Transport of Plastics: A Problem of Scale
4 Tools, Prediction, and Validation Methodologies
4.1 Lagrangian Drifters
4.2 Eulerian Velocity Fields
4.3 Virtual Trajectories and Lagrangian Coherent Structures
4.4 Remote Sensing
5 Large-Scale, Mesoscale, and Submesoscale Frontal Systems: Selected Case Studies
5.1 The Antarctic Circumpolar Current: An Imperfect Barrier?
5.2 A Mesoscale Front in the NW Mediterranean Sea
5.3 Submesoscale Fronts in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
6 The Vertical Challenge
7 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Lagrangian Methods for Visualizing and Assessing Frontal Dynamics of Floating Marine Litter with a Focus on Tidal Basins
1 Introduction
1.1 Physical Oceanography of Fronts in Tidal Basins
1.2 Floating Marine Litter at Shelf Sea Fronts
2 Lagrangian Methods
2.1 Methods for Numerical Modeling
2.1.1 Particle Concentrations
2.1.2 Lyapunov Exponents
2.1.3 Other Methods
2.2 Methods Applied to Drifter Data
2.2.1 Pairwise Drifter Statistics
2.2.2 Multiple Drifter Cluster Statistics and Velocity Gradients
2.2.3 Drifter Trajectory Analysis with Lagrangian Coherent Structures
2.3 The Impact of Tides
3 Discussion and Outlook
Appendix
References