Chemical, Gas, and Biosensors for Internet of Things and Related Applications

Front Cover
Chemical, Gas, and Biosensors for Internet of Things and Related Applications
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
I. Sensors and Devices for Internet of Things Applications
1 Portable urine glucose sensor
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Significance of urine glucose measurement
1.3 Operating principle of urine glucose sensor and laminated structure
1.3.1 Principle of operation
1.3.2 Laminated structure of urine glucose sensor
1.4 Development of portable urine glucose meter
1.4.1 Composition of urine glucose meter
1.4.2 Performance evaluation of urine glucose meter
1.5 Clinical application of urine glucose meter
1.5.1 Relationship between the amount of boiled rice and urine glucose concentration in impaired glucose tolerance
1.5.2 Results of urine glucose monitoring on impaired glucose tolerance case
1.5.3 Results of a case of self-monitoring of urine glucose in diabetes
1.6 Conclusions
References
2 Design, application, and integration of paper-based sensors with the Internet of Things
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bioapplications of paper-based analytical devices
2.3 Environmental analysis of paper-based analytical devices
2.4 Integration with smartphone devices
2.5 Conclusion
Author disclosure statement
References
3 Membrane-type Surface stress Sensor (MSS) for artificial olfactory system
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Membrane-type Surface stress Sensor (MSS)
3.3 Receptor materials
3.4 Machine learning
3.5 Applications
3.6 Internet of Things and MSS Alliance/Forum
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Sensing technology based on olfactory receptors
4.1 Olfactory mechanisms in biological systems
4.1.1 Olfactory mechanisms in vertebrates
4.1.1.1 Anatomy of olfactory organs in mammals
4.1.1.2 Odorant detection and signal transduction
4.1.1.3 Odorant receptors and odor coding in mammals
4.1.2 Olfactory mechanisms in insects
4.1.2.1 Anatomy of olfactory organs in insects
4.1.2.2 Odorant detection by olfactory sensilla
4.1.2.3 Odorant receptors and signal transduction
4.1.2.4 Odor coding by olfactory receptor neurons
4.2 Biosensing technologies based on odorant receptors
4.2.1 Mammalian odorant receptors
4.2.1.1 Cell-based expression systems
4.2.1.1.1 Bacterial cells
4.2.1.1.2 Yeast cells
4.2.1.1.3 Mammalian cultured cells
4.2.1.2 Other (noncell-based expression system) applications
4.2.2 Insect odorant receptors
4.2.2.1 Cell-based expression systems
4.2.2.2 Other (noncell expression system) applications
4.3 Summary
References
5 Advanced surface modification technologies for biosensors
5.1 Biosensors and biointerfaces
5.2 Binding platforms based on self-assembled monolayers
5.2.1 Organosulfur derivatives
5.2.2 Organosilicon derivatives
5.2.3 Catechol derivatives
5.3 Binding matrix based on polymeric hydrogels
5.3.1 Physicochemical sensing mechanisms
5.3.2 Biochemical sensing mechanisms
5.4 Coupling chemistries for immobilization of biorecognition elements
5.4.1 Physical immobilization
5.4.2 Amine chemistry
5.4.3 Thiol chemistry
5.4.4 Carboxyl chemistry
5.4.5 Epoxy chemistry
5.4.6 Click chemistry
5.4.7 α-Oxo semicarbazone chemistry
5.4.8 Bioaffinity conjugation
5.5 Antifouling materials
5.5.1 Poly(ethylene glycol) antifouling materials
5.5.2 Zwitterionic antifouling materials
5.6 Outlook
References
6 Development of portable immunoassay device for future Internet of Things applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Portable immunoassay system based on surface plasmon resonance for urinary immunoassay
6.3 One-chip immunosensing fabricated with nanoimprinting technique
6.3.1 Fabrication of local plasmon resonance devices with various processes
6.3.2 Surface plasmon resonance biosensors fabricated by nanoimprint technique
6.4 Microfluidic biosensor with one-step optical detection
6.4.1 Mechanism of graphene aptasensor
6.4.2 Multichannel linear array for multiple protein detection
6.4.3 Molecular design for enhanced sensitivity
6.5 Future trend
References
7 Sensitive and reusable surface acoustic wave immunosensor for monitoring of airborne mite allergens
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Surface acoustic wave immunosensor for repeated measurement of house dust mite allergens
7.3 Sensor characteristics and semicontinuous measurement of Der f 1
7.4 Sensitivity improvement via gold nanoparticles
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Aptameric sensors utilizing its property as DNA
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Aptamer-immobilized electrochemical sensor
8.3 Detection using complementary chain formation
8.3.1 Strand displacement assay
8.3.2 Bound/Free separation using complementary chain formation
8.4 Aptamer sensor combined with enzymes
8.5 Utilizing structural change of aptamers to biosensor
8.6 Utilizing structural change of aptamers to biosensor
8.7 Development of highly sensitive sensors by amplifying DNA strands
8.8 Colorimetric detection using aptameric sensor and smart devices
8.9 Conclusion
References
9 Electrochemical sensing techniques using carbon electrodes prepared by electrolysis toward environmental Internet of Thin...
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Electrochemical monitoring support Internet of Things services
9.1.2 Carbon electrode surface activation
9.2 Chemical sensors using electrochemical activated carbon electrodes
9.2.1 Electrochemical activated techniques for aminated electrode preparation
9.2.2 Electrochemical activated techniques for electrodeposited platinum particles on glassy carbon electrode modified with...
9.3 Electrocatalytic activity and analytical performance
9.4 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
10 Chemical sensors for environmental pollutant determination
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Definition of a chemical sensor
10.3 Classification of chemical sensors
10.3.1 Electrochemical sensors
10.3.1.1 Voltammetric sensors
10.3.1.2 Amperometric sensors
10.3.1.3 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy sensors
10.3.1.4 Potentiometric sensors
10.3.2 Optical sensors
10.3.2.1 Fluorescence sensors
10.3.2.2 Surface plasmon resonance sensors
10.3.2.3 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy-based sensors
10.3.2.4 Colorimetric sensors
10.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
II. Flexible, Wearable, and Mobile Sensors and Related Technologies
11 Smart clothing with wearable bioelectrodes “hitoe”
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Functional material “hitoe”
11.2.1 Composite material of a conductive polymer and fibers
11.2.2 The development of hitoe smart clothing
11.3 Application examples
11.3.1 Medicine/rehabilitation
11.3.2 Sports
11.3.2.1 Heart rate measurement
11.3.2.2 Surface electromyography measurements
11.3.3 Worker health/safety management
11.4 State estimation based on heart rate variability and other data
11.4.1 Estimating posture information from accelerometer data
11.4.2 Estimating respiratory activity from electrocardiogram data
11.4.3 Estimating sleep states
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Cavitas bio/chemical sensors for Internet of Things in healthcare
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Soft contact lens type bio/chemical sensors
12.2.1 Tear fluid in conjunctiva sac
12.2.2 Flexible conductivity sensor for tear flow function
12.2.3 Soft contact lens type biosensors using biocompatible polymers
12.2.4 Transcutaneous gas sensor at eyelid conjunctiva
12.3 Mouthguard type biosensor for saliva biomonitoring
12.3.1 Salivary fluids in oral cavity
12.3.2 Wireless mouthguard sensor for salivary glucose
12.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
13 Point of care testing apparatus for immunosensing
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Immunochromatography assay
13.3 Immunochromatography assay for infectious diseases
13.4 Reliability of the examination kits
13.5 Signal amplification
13.6 Quantitative ICA by electrochemical detection systems
13.7 Rapid and Quantitative ICA based on dielectrophoresis
13.8 Conclusion
References
14 IoT sensors for smart livestock management
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Measurement site and fixing method
14.3 Size and weight
14.4 Power consumption
14.5 Frequency bands of radio wave
14.6 Applications of wearable biosensors for livestock
14.6.1 Chickens
14.6.2 Cattle
14.6.2.1 Automated milking system
14.6.2.2 Importance of wearable sensors
14.6.2.3 Pedometers
14.6.2.4 Ruminal sensors
14.6.2.5 Vaginal sensors
14.6.2.6 Implantable sensors
14.6.2.7 Wireless thermometers attached to skin surface
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Compact disc-type biosensor devices and their applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 CD-shaped microfluidic devices for cell isolation and single cell PCR
15.2.1 Single cell isolation
15.2.2 Single cell PCR of S. enterica
15.2.3 Discrimination of microbes
15.2.4 Single cell RT-PCR for Jurkat cells
15.3 CD-shaped microfluidic device for cell staining
15.4 CD-shaped microfluidic device for ELISA
15.4.1 Detection of bioactive chemicals based on ELISA
15.4.2 Multiple ELISA for diagnosis of diabetes
15.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
16 A CMOS compatible miniature gas sensing system
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-compatible gas sensor
16.2.1 Materials and fabrication
16.2.2 Gas experimental results
16.3 Nose-on-a-chip
16.3.1 System block diagram
16.3.2 Adaptive interface circuitry
16.3.3 SAR ADC
16.3.4 CRBM kernel
16.3.5 Memory
16.3.6 RISC core
16.3.7 Chip measurement results
16.4 Miniature electronic nose system prototype
16.5 Application example
16.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17 Visualization of odor space and quality
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fluorescence imaging for odor visualization
17.2.1 Principle and system of fluorescence imaging
17.2.2 Fabrication of the visualization system
17.2.3 Visualization based on single fluorescent probe
17.2.4 Visualization based on multispectral fluorescence imaging
17.3 Localized surface plasmon resonance sensor for odorant visualization
17.4 Collecting spatial odor information from on-ground odor sources with a robot system
17.5 Visual odor representation of a volatile molecular based on chemical property by network diagram
References
18 Bio-sniffer and sniff-cam
18.1 Introduction: breath and skin gas analysis
18.1.1 Construction of bio-sniffer
18.1.2 Acetone bio-sniffer
18.1.3 Isopropanol bio-sniffer
18.1.4 Sniff-cam system with chemiluminescence
18.1.5 Biofluorometric “sniff-cam”
18.2 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
III. Information and Network Technologies for Sensor-Internet of Things Applications
19 Flexible and printed biosensors based on organic TFT devices
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Biosensors for the Internet of Things society
19.1.2 Printed organic biosensors for human healthcare applications
19.2 Organic thin-film transistor-based biosensors
19.2.1 Printing techniques for device fabrication
19.2.2 Organic thin-film transistor-based biosensor principles
19.2.3 Enzyme-based biosensors
19.2.4 Immunosensors
19.2.5 Ion-selective sensors
19.2.6 Wearable sensors using microfluidics
19.3 Sensor systems using flexible hybrid electronics
19.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
20 Self-monitoring of fat metabolism using portable/wearable acetone analyzers
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Portable breath acetone analyzer
20.2.1 Prototyped analyzer
20.2.2 Applicability to diet support
20.2.3 Applicability to diabetes care at home
20.2.4 Applicability to “Health Kiosk”
20.3 Wearable skin acetone analyzer
20.3.1 Skin acetone concentrator
20.3.2 Prototyped analyzer
20.3.3 Assumed usage scenario
20.4 Conclusions
References
21 Air pollution monitoring network of PM2.5, NO2 and radiation of 137Cs
21.1 Introduction
21.2 PM2.5 monitoring system
21.2.1 Introduction
21.3 Monitoring device (small PM2.5 sensor)
21.4 Mobile sensing of outside PM2.5
21.5 Measurement at several points
21.6 NO2 monitoring system
21.6.1 Introduction
21.7 NO2 monitoring device
21.8 Mobile sensing of outside NO2
21.9 Radiation of 137Cs monitoring system
21.9.1 Introduction
21.10 Radiation of 137Cs monitoring device
21.11 Field test in Fukushima and other areas
Acknowledgment
References
22 Wireless sensor network with various sensors
22.1 Sensing system with network
22.2 Wireless sensor network as a sensing system
22.3 Wireless sensing system for health condition monitoring with a wearable and flexible sensor
22.3.1 Wearable and flexible electrode with a conductive fiber
22.3.2 Wireless data-transmitting module with many sensors
References
23 Data analysis targeting healthcare-support applications using Internet-of-Things sensors
23.1 Motivation for data analysis
23.2 Procedure of data analysis
23.2.1 Analysis design
23.2.1.1 Fundamental data format on computer
23.2.1.2 Example of data format: cluster
23.2.1.3 Example of data format: label
23.2.1.4 Example of data format: value
23.2.1.5 “Tips” in analysis design
23.2.2 Data collection
23.2.3 Data cleansing
23.2.4 Feature extraction
23.2.4.1 Type of data
23.2.4.2 Example of features
23.2.4.3 Missing data handling
23.2.4.4 Tips for feature extraction
23.2.5 Learning
23.2.6 Evaluation
23.2.6.1 Clustering
23.2.6.2 Classification
23.2.6.3 Regression
23.2.6.4 For further evaluation
23.3 Example of health data analysis
23.4 Conclusion
References
Summary and future issues
Index
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