Chemical and Biological Controls in Forestry

Title Page
......Page 1
Half Title Page
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Copyright
......Page 4
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 7
1 Chemical and Biological Agents in Forest Pest Management Historical Overview......Page 8
Pests of the Forest......Page 10
Chemical and Biological Agents of the Past......Page 11
Chemical and Biological Agents - Present......Page 12
Chemical and Biological Agents - Future......Page 13
Literature Cited......Page 14
2 Use of Herbicides for Industrial Forest Vegetation Management in the Southern United States......Page 15
Site Preparation......Page 16
Release......Page 19
Tree Injection......Page 21
Control of Herbaceous Weeds......Page 22
Literature Cited......Page 25
3 Management of Bark Beetle Populations Impact of Manipulating Predator Cues and Other Control Tactics......Page 28
DOING NOTHING......Page 29
DIRECT CONTROLS......Page 31
INDIRECT CONTROLS......Page 34
Literature Cited......Page 35
4 Sex Pheromones and Their Potentialas Control Agents for Forest Lepidoptera in Eastern Canada......Page 37
Review of Spruce Budworm Pheromone-mediated Behavior......Page 41
Field Use of Spruce Budworm Pheromone......Page 42
Formulation Assessment......Page 46
Conclusions......Page 47
Literature Cited......Page 48
5 Mass Trapping of Ips typographus with Pheromone-Baited Traps......Page 50
Literature Cited......Page 54
6 Baculovirus: An Attractive Biological Alternative......Page 55
Virus Propagation......Page 62
Potency Standardization......Page 63
Literature Cited......Page 66
What Is IPM?......Page 68
Examples of IPM in Forestry......Page 69
Problems of Wildland Spraying......Page 75
An Approach to Organizing These Problems......Page 76
Literature Cited......Page 90
9 Physical Parameters Affecting Aircraft Spray Application......Page 91
Spray Drop Size Evaluation......Page 95
Literature Cited......Page 111
10 Deposition of Chemical and Biological Agents in Conifers......Page 112
Deposition on Forest Floor......Page 113
Deposition in the Crown......Page 114
Deposition of Foliage......Page 122
Spray Drop Density on Conifer Needles......Page 129
Conclusion......Page 130
Literature Cited......Page 131
11 Droplet Deposition and Drift in Forest Spraying......Page 133
Background......Page 134
Experimental Design......Page 136
Results......Page 137
Discussion......Page 143
Literature Cited......Page 145
12 Modeling of Aerial Spray Drift and Canopy Penetration......Page 146
Literature Cited......Page 165
General Circulation......Page 168
Topography......Page 169
Slope and valley winds......Page 172
Canopy inversions......Page 176
Implication to aerial spraying......Page 180
Literature Cited......Page 182
14 Importance of Volatilization as a Pathway for Pesticide Loss from Forest Soils......Page 184
The Volatilization Process......Page 186
Volatilization of Pesticides Under Field Conditions......Page 187
Estimating Volatilization Rates from Soils......Page 190
Literature Cited......Page 199
15 Vapor Phase Redistribution of Aminocarb and Transformation Products from Leaf Surfaces
......Page 202
Volatilization......Page 203
Processes which Attenuate Volatilization Rates in the Field......Page 204
Field Measurements of Pesticide Volatilization......Page 205
Microclimate of a Coniferous Stand......Page 206
Volatility of Aminocarb Transformation Products......Page 207
SVCs of Aminocarb Oxidation Products......Page 209
Redistribution of Aminocarb......Page 213
Literature Cited......Page 216
16 Implications of Pesticide Photochemistry in Forestry Applications......Page 217
Pesticide Fate in the Environment......Page 218
Pesticide Photochemistry......Page 219
Environmental Photodegradation......Page 221
Implications......Page 226
Literature Cited......Page 227
17 Fate of Chemical Insecticides in Foliage and Forest Litter......Page 230
The Fate of Insecticides on Foliage......Page 231
The Fate of Insecticides in Forest Litter......Page 236
Bioavailability of Insecticide Residues......Page 238
Literature Cited......Page 239
18 Fate of Chemical Insecticides in Aquatic Environments Forest Spraying in Canada......Page 241
Materials and Methods......Page 242
Results and Discussion......Page 245
Literature Cited......Page 263
19 Fate of Fenitrothion in Shaded and Unshaded Ponds......Page 265
Materials and Methods......Page 266
Results and Discussion......Page 269
Conclusions......Page 281
Literature Cited......Page 282
20 Bioaccumulation of Some Forestry Pesticides in Fish and Aquatic Plants......Page 284
Materials and methods......Page 285
Results and discussion......Page 287
Literature Cited......Page 301
21 Monitoring Human Exposure During Pesticide Application in the Forest......Page 303
2,4,5-T Study......Page 305
2,4-D Study......Page 306
Determining Acceptable Parameters for Field Measurement......Page 307
Exposure and Work Duty......Page 309
2,4-D Study......Page 311
Literature Cited......Page 314
22 Pesticide Drift: Toxicological and Social Consequences......Page 315
Literature Cited......Page 332
23 Ecotoxicity of Adjuvants Used in Aerial Spraying......Page 334
Literature Cited......Page 345
24 Environmental Impact Assessment of Insecticides Used in Canadian Forests......Page 347
Impact Assessment Methodologies......Page 348
Organophosphate insecticides......Page 351
Carbamate insecticides......Page 353
Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides......Page 354
Literature Cited......Page 355
25 Mount St. Helens: The May 1980 Eruptions and Forest Rehabilitation......Page 359
26 Use, Ecotoxicology, and Risk Assessment of Herbicides in the Forest......Page 362
Herbicide Risk Assessment at the Ecosystem Level in Forestry......Page 363
Testing for Effects of Herbicides at the Watershed Level......Page 367
A Proposed System and a Procedure for Assessing Ecotoxicological Effects......Page 368
Conclusions......Page 372
Literature Cited......Page 373
Author Index......Page 375
A
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C
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D
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F
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L
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O
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R
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T
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W
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Z
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