Chemical Analysis for Forensic Evidence provides readers with the fundamental framework of forensic analytical chemistry, describing the entire process, from crime scene investigation to evidence sampling, laboratory analysis, quality aspects, and reporting and testifying in court. In doing so, important principles and aspects are demonstrated through the various forensic expertise areas in which analytical chemistry plays a key role, including illicit drugs, explosives, toxicology, fire debris analysis and microtraces such as gunshot residues, glass and fibers. This book illuminates the underlying practical framework that governs how analytical chemistry is used in practice by forensic experts to solve crime.
Arian van Asten utilizes a hands-on approach with numerous questions, examples, exercises and illustrations to help solidify key concepts and teach them in an engaging way.
Author(s): Arian van Asten
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 574
City: Amsterdam
Front Cover
Chemical Analysis for Forensic Evidence
Chemical Analysis for: Forensic Evidence
Copyright
Contents
About the author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer:
Reader guideline
Learning objectives
1 - An introduction to forensic analytical chemistry
1.1 What will you learn?
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Questions of interest to a legal system
1.4 Forensic science principles
Further reading
2 - Analytical chemistry in the forensic laboratory
2.1 What will you learn?
2.2 Analytical chemistry in the forensic laboratory
2.3 Forensic expertise areas
Illicit drugs
Forensic toxicology
Fire debris and ignitable liquids analysis
Explosions and explosives
Microtraces: gunhot residues
Microtraces: glass, paint, and fibers
Forensic environmental investigations
Fingermarks
Questioned documents
Crime scene investigation
Further reading
3 - Sampling and sample preparation
3.1 What will you learn?
3.2 Sampling and sample preparation in analytical chemistry
3.3 Statistical sampling protocols: how many samples do we analyze?
3.4 Sample preparation: ignitable liquid residue sampling in fire debris analysis
Further reading
4 - Qualitative analysis and the selectivity dilemma
4.1 What will you learn?
4.2 Qualitative analysis in forensic chemistry
4.3 Chemical identification of illicit drugs
4.4 The NPS challenge: addressing the selectivity dilemma
Further reading
5- Quantitative analysis and the legal limit dilemma
5.1 What will you learn?
5.2 Quantitative analysis in forensic chemistry
5.3 Forensic toxicology: trace level quantitation of small molecules in complex biomatrices
Single quad mass spectrometer
Ion trap mass spectrometer
Triple quad mass spectrometer
Time of flight mass spectrometer
Orbitrap mass spectrometer
Hyphenated systems
Sample preparation
LC separation
MS analysis
5.4 Measurement uncertainty: addressing the legal limit dilemma
6 - Chemical profiling, databases, and evidential value
6.1 What will you learn?
6.2 Criminalistics is the science of individualization
6.3 A chemical impurity profiling method for the organic explosive TNT
6.4 Bayes theory and the likelihood ratio
6.5 Building a score-based model for the forensic comparison of chemical impurity profiles
Further reading
7 - Forensic reconstruction through chemical analysis
7.1 What will you learn?
7.2 Forensic explosives investigation
7.3 Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)
7.4 Chemical profiling and synthesis reconstruction of TATP with IRMS
7.5 Human provenancing: you are what you eat and drink
Further reading
8 - From data to forensic insight using chemometrics
8.1 What will you learn?
8.2 Library match scores and ROC curves
8.3 Exploring NPS EI mass spectra with PCA
8.4 Differentiating NPS isomers with PCA-LDA of EI mass spectra
8.5 The use of chemometric methods in forensic chemistry
Principal component (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) regression
Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)
Soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA)
Support vector machine (SVM)
Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)
k nearest neighbors (k-NN)
Further reading
9 - Quality and chain of custody
9.1 What will you learn?
9.2 Ensuring quality in forensic expertise
9.3 Ensuring quality of the forensic investigation
Daubert standard
Daubert criteria
Values
Management
Scope
Personnel
Infrastructure
Chain of custody
Validation, quality control and measurement uncertainty
Audits, incident handling and complaint procedures
Peer review
Quality documentation and information management
9.4 Quality through forensic networks, the importance of ENFSI and OSAC
Further reading
10 - Reporting in the criminal justice system
10.1 What will you learn?
10.2 ISO 17025 reporting standards
10.3 Ways to raise forensic understanding in the criminal justice system
10.4 Bayes, verbal conclusions, ``popular'' fallacies, and the hierarchy of propositions
10.5 Reporting forensic analytical chemistry investigations
10.6 A template for a forensic case work report
Case information
Requested forensic investigation
Hypotheses
Evidence items received
Evidence items to be investigated
Forensic investigation
Findings
Interpretation of the findings
Conclusions
Appendix
Further reading
11 - Innovating forensic analytical chemistry
11.1 What will you learn?
11.2 Five reasons to innovate
11.3 How to stimulate and organize forensic science and innovation
11.4 Advancing forensic analytical chemistry
Innovation theme ``More from less''
Innovation theme ``From source to activity''
Innovation theme ``Bringing chemical analysis to the scene''
11.5 The end of a journey
Further reading
Exercises
Exam questions without answers
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6
Question 7
Question 8
Question 9
Exam questions with answers
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6
Question 7
Question 8
Question 9
Copyright and image licenses
Abbreviations
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Back Cover
