The concept of sustainable development appeared almost twenty years ago, adapting traditional policies to new circumstances, and promoting progress capable of satisfying the necessities of both present and future generations. It is widely believed that the need for a proper and sustainable management of water will be a problem which will confront society in the 21st century. In this publication, the main political aspects are successively developed, including the EU Water Framework Directive, the globalization and privatization of fresh water and the case of the new Australian structure for water regulation. The second part of the book is devoted to more practical aspects: from the real effects of climate change, to the various implications of water sustainability on agriculture and cities, devoting particular attention to the experience of the Environment Agency in UK. Finally, the last chapter delves into the economic aspects of the different approaches, and the points to take into account when they are to be translated to the final water tariff.
Author(s): Enrique Cabrera, Ricardo Cobacho
Edition: 1
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2004
Language: English
Pages: 256
Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Table of contents......Page 5
Foreword......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 8
Introduction......Page 9
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 10
2 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ITS EVOLUTION THROUGHOUT HISTORY......Page 12
3 THE NEED FOR A NEW WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM......Page 15
4 THE GREAT CHALLENGES IN WATER MANAGEMENT FOR THE 21ST CENTURY......Page 17
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 19
REFERENCES......Page 20
Political aspects......Page 22
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 23
2 THE “WATER WORLD” AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM: AN OVERVIEW OF THE 2ND WORLD WATER FORUM......Page 24
3.1 Recommendations for action......Page 26
3.2 The Bonn keys......Page 28
4 KEY CONCERN AREAS: WEHAB AND THE PREPARATORY PHASE BEFORE JOHANNESBURG......Page 30
5.2 The Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development......Page 31
5.3 The WSSD Plan of Implementation (WSSD/PI)......Page 32
7 WATER POLICIES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: THE LEGACY OF WSSD......Page 34
8 FROM POTENTIAL CONFLICT TO CO-OPERATION POTENTIAL: WATER FOR PEACE......Page 35
8.1 Background......Page 36
8.4 Objectives of PC CP......Page 37
8.4.2 Case study track......Page 38
REFERENCES......Page 39
ANNEX 2 Battle for the Planet Johannesburg Declaration......Page 40
ANNEX 3......Page 42
ANNEX 4......Page 43
1 INTRODUCTION: THE WFD AND THE 3ES DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABILITY......Page 46
2.1 Hydrograph ic districts......Page 47
2.3 Economic analysis and cost recovery......Page 48
2.5 Dangerous substances......Page 49
3 SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER SERVICES......Page 50
4 THE THREE AGES OF WATER INDUSTRY......Page 51
5 A TECHNICAL REVERSE SALIENT: FROM FURTHER QUANTITIES TO NEARER QUALITIES......Page 52
6 THE CRISIS OF MUNICIPAL WATER SERVICES: A NEW REVERSE SALIENT?......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 55
1 WHY INCREASE TRADE IN WATER? WHY PRIVATIZE WATER SERVICES?......Page 57
2.1 Globalization......Page 58
2.3 Commodification......Page 59
2.5 Water is an economic good......Page 60
3.2 In-situ water provides ecological benefits......Page 62
3.3 Water has moral, cultural and religious dimensions......Page 63
4.1 Create valuation processes; not value estimates......Page 64
4.2 Get the facts......Page 65
5.1 Current trade in water......Page 66
5.2 The rules: international trading regimes......Page 70
5.2.1 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)......Page 71
5.2.2 The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)......Page 74
6 PRIVATIZATION: PUBLIC-PRIVATE “PARTNERSHIPS”......Page 76
7 DRIVERS OF WATER PRIVATIZATION......Page 77
8 HISTORY OF PRIVATIZATION......Page 79
9 THE PLAYERS......Page 80
10 FORMS OF PRIVATIZATION......Page 82
10.1 Fully public water systems......Page 83
10.3 Service and leasing contracts: mixed management......Page 84
10.5 Fully private businesses and small-scale entrepreneurs......Page 85
11.2 Privatization may bypass under-represented and under-served communities......Page 86
11.3.1 Are price increases necessary?......Page 87
11.3.2 Are water subsidies appropriate and desirable?......Page 90
11.3.3 How should rates be designed?......Page 92
11.5 Water rights and control......Page 94
11.6 Privatization agreements often fail to include public participation and contract monitoring......Page 95
11.7 Inappropriate privatization efforts ignore impacts on ecosystems or downstream water users......Page 96
11.8 Privatization efforts may neglect the potential for water-use efficiency and conservation improvements......Page 97
11.10 Privatization agreements often lack dispute-resolution procedures......Page 98
12 PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS FOR PRIVATIZATION......Page 99
12.2.2 Whenever possible, link proposed rate increases with agreed-upon improvements in service......Page 100
12.3.3 Contracts that lay out the responsibilities of each partner are a prerequisite for the success of any privatization......Page 101
13 CONCLUSION......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
1 OVERVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN WATER INDUSTRY......Page 108
2 REFORM IN THE AUSTRALIAN WATER INDUSTRY......Page 111
3 NEED FOR REGULATION OF THE WATER INDUSTRY......Page 113
4.3 Victoria......Page 115
5 BENCHMARKING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION......Page 116
6 REGULATION OF THE WATER AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY......Page 117
6.3 Resource management......Page 118
6.4.4 South Australia......Page 119
6.5.3 Victoria......Page 120
7 A BEST PRACTICE REGULATORY SYSTEM......Page 121
8.1 New South Wales (NSW)......Page 122
8.5 Queensland......Page 123
9 CONCLUSION......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
Practical aspects and sustainable water management......Page 126
1.1 The climate system......Page 127
1.2 Hydrologic cycle......Page 129
1.3 Hydrologic budgets......Page 130
1.4 What is climate change?......Page 132
1.6 Droughts......Page 133
2.1 Global perspective on water use......Page 134
2.2.3 Snowfall and snowmelt......Page 136
2.2.6 Streamflow variability......Page 137
2.3 Water-resource-system effects......Page 139
2.4.1 Missouri River Basin......Page 140
2.4.2 Columbia River Basin......Page 141
2.4.3 Summary of regional runoff effects found in the United States......Page 142
3 WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS......Page 145
4.1 Climate scenarios for Europe......Page 146
4.2 Changes in hydrologic cycle......Page 147
4.4 Adaptation potential for water......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
1.1 Rainfall and water availability......Page 154
1.4 The regulatory regime......Page 155
1.5 Demand management......Page 156
2.1 The 1988–92 drought......Page 157
2.4 The aftermath of the 1995 drought......Page 158
2.5 The water summit......Page 159
3.1.3 Water efficiency......Page 160
3.2.2 Water resources planning......Page 161
3.3.1 Sustainable development strategy......Page 162
3.3.4 Industrial, commercial, institutional and agricultural......Page 163
4.2 Household metering......Page 164
4.3 Water efficiency......Page 165
4.4 Public awareness programmes/communication......Page 166
5 DEMAND 1992–93 TO 2001–02......Page 167
6.1 How much demand management is needed?......Page 168
6.3 Ensuring that regulation delivers......Page 169
7 THE FUTURE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT CENTRE......Page 170
REFERENCES......Page 171
1 INTRODUCTION: FEATURES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS......Page 172
2 THE CHALLENGE OF PRODUCING SUFFICIENT FOOD......Page 173
3.1 Irrigation: from the crop to the farm......Page 175
3.1.2 The water balance of a field......Page 176
3.1.3 Irrigation efficiency and uniformity......Page 178
4 IRRIGATION: FROM THE FARM TO THE WATERSHED......Page 179
5 RECYCLING IRRIGATION WATER: IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 180
6.1 Improving the water productivity of crops. The potential of biotechnology......Page 181
6.2 Reducing evaporation from the soil......Page 182
7 THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT AND INSTITUTIONS......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 186
2 URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT: A SHORT HISTORY......Page 187
3.1 Current state......Page 188
3.3 Problems and challenges......Page 189
4.1.1 Main characteristics of the green scenario......Page 190
4.1.3 Reasons why this scenario could happen......Page 191
4.2.2 Risks and problems of the technocratic scenario......Page 192
4.3.1 Main characteristics of the privatization scenario......Page 193
4.3.3 Reasons why this scenario could happen......Page 194
4.4.1 Main characteristics of this scenario......Page 195
4.5 Conclusion......Page 196
5.1.2 Cities and sustainability?......Page 197
5.2 Sustainable water management in cities: how can it be achieved?......Page 198
5.2.1 The case of developed countries......Page 199
5.2.2 The case of developing countries......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 201
1.1.1 The capacity......Page 203
1.1.2 The quality......Page 205
1.2 Alternative solution: desalination......Page 207
2.1 Geographical distribution......Page 208
2.4 Cost of technology......Page 209
2.6 Situation of the desalination in Spain......Page 210
3.1 Processes operating by means of chemical bonds: Ion exchange......Page 211
3.2.1 Multistage Flash Evaporation (MSF)......Page 212
3.2.2 Multiple Effect Distillation (MED)......Page 213
3.3.1 Electrodialysis (ED)......Page 214
3.3.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF)......Page 215
3.4 Other processes......Page 216
3.5 Brief comparison between the desalination technologies......Page 217
4 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE DESALINATION PROCESS......Page 218
4.1 Energy recuperation......Page 219
4.2 The dual proposal......Page 220
4.4 Hybrid process......Page 221
5 CONCLUSION......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
Economical aspects......Page 224
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 225
2.1 The cost of water: industrial costs and external costs......Page 227
2.2 Prices, charges, taxes: alternative ways of recovering the cost......Page 230
2.3 The economic value of water......Page 232
2.4 Sustainability......Page 234
3.1 The economic optimal pricing rules: allocative efficiency......Page 235
3.2 Water prices as environmental policy instruments......Page 238
3.3 Financial equilibrium of operators and the public budget......Page 239
4.1 Assessing the cost: financial costs......Page 240
4.2 Assessing the cost: external costs......Page 242
4.3 The real effectiveness of volumetric prices: price elasticity......Page 243
4.4 Marginal cost pricing and transactions costs......Page 247
4.5 Water services as public goods......Page 248
4.6 Water infrastructure as a semi-public good......Page 249
4.7 Perverse effects of water prices as environmental policy tools......Page 251
4.8 Which cost to recover? Budget equilibrium vs. economic efficiency......Page 252
4.9 Water prices and affordability of water......Page 253
5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 254
REFERENCES......Page 255
Author index......Page 258
