Challenges in Tropical Coastal Zone Management: Experiences and Lessons Learned

Foreword
References
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: Introduction and Context
Chapter 1: Introduction
1 Challenges in Tropical Coastal Zone Management and the ISATEC Program
References
Part II: Case Studies
Chapter 2: Kenya Case Study One
1 Introduction
1.1 Description of the Fishery
1.2 Fishing Boat Fleets and Gear
2 Legal and Regulatory Framework
2.1 Global Instruments and Conventions to Which Kenya Is a Signatory
2.1.1 Progress in Implementing the Instruments
3 Challenges and Constraints to Implementation
References
Chapter 3: Guatemala Case Study
1 Background
1.1 ``Las Lisas´´
2 How ``Las Lisas´´ MPA Proposal Was Designed
2.1 Multiple Purpose Use Area ``Las Lisas´´
3 Where ``Las Lisas´´ Proposal Is Now, Lessons Learned and What Is Left to Be Done
References
Chapter 4: Ghana Case Study One
1 Introduction
2 Present Status of Marine Fisheries
3 Fisheries Governance Structures and Governing Systems
4 Conflicts in Fisheries Governance
5 Co-Management in Governing Ghana´s Marine Fisheries
6 Pathways Towards Improved Marine Fisheries Governance
7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Pacific Island Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Methods
3 Results
3.1 Cook Islands Case Study
3.2 Galapagos Case Study
4 Discussion
4.1 Tourism Fostering Conservation?
4.2 Tourists Willing to Go Eco-Friendly
4.3 Remarks on the COVID-19 Pandemic
5 Recommendations
References
Chapter 6: Saudi Arabia Case Study
1 Introduction to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Its Red Sea Coastline
2 Red Sea Fisheries in Saudi Arabia
3 Aquaculture in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea: A Case Study in the City of Al Lith
4 Tourism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
5 Future Projections, Impacts, and Climate-Driven Challenges for the Red Sea Coastal Development in Saudi Arabia
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Philippines Case Study One
1 Introduction
2 Management Context and Statement of the Problem
3 Promoting Multi-sectoral Participation and Science-Informed Decision-Making
3.1 Reproductive Biology Study
3.2 Communicating the Science
3.3 Translating the Science into Policy
4 Implementing the Closed Season
4.1 Cash-for-Work Program
4.2 Effective Enforcement Through Inter-agency and Inter-local Government Cooperation
5 Monitoring of (Implementation and) Impacts and Feedbacking
6 Succeeding Implementation of the Closed Season
7 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Kenya Case Study Two
1 Introduction
1.1 What Are LMMAs?
1.2 History of LMMAs in Kenya
1.3 The Evolving Concept of Co-Management
1.4 Formation of LMMAs
1.5 LMMA Formation Phases
2 The Formation of the First Kenyan LMMA; The Case of Kuruwitu
2.1 Why in Kuruwitu?
2.2 The Big Challenge at Kuruwitu
3 Methods
3.1 The Kuruwitu Area (Fig. 8.1)
3.2 Characterisation of the Kuruwitu LMMA in Kenya
4 Results
4.1 Lack of Funds
4.2 Dependence on Marine and Coastal Resources
4.3 Stakeholders of the Kuruwitu LMMAs
4.4 Other Challenges Facing Kuruwitu LMMA
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Tanzania Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area
3 Potential of IMTA of Sea Cucumbers and Seaweed in Tanzania
3.1 Seaweed Farming
3.2 Sea Cucumbers Resources
4 Genetic Population Structure of Sea Cucumbers
5 Potential and Challenges of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture
5.1 Potential of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture
5.1.1 Sea Cucumber Seeds
5.1.2 Sea Cucumbers and Seaweed under an IMTA System
5.1.3 Economic Viability of IMTA
5.1.4 Community Perception of IMTA
5.1.5 Promising Market
5.2 Challenges of IMTA of Sea Cucumbers
6 Recommendations
References
Chapter 10: Indonesia Case Study
1 Introduction
2 A Brief History of Marine Resource Management in Indonesia
2.1 Pre-Colonial Era ( Seventeenth Century)
2.2 Dutch Colonial Era (Seventeenth Century - 1945)
2.3 Post-Independence Era (1945-1966)
2.4 New Order Era (1966-1998)
2.5 Reform Era (1998 - Present)
3 Current Legislation on MPAs
3.1 Law on Fisheries
3.1.1 Establishment Process of Marine Conservation Areas
3.1.2 Role of Coastal Communities in the Marine Conservation Area Establishment Process
3.2 Law on the Management of Coastal Zones and Small Islands
3.2.1 Establishment Process of Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Areas
3.2.2 Role of Coastal Communities in the Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Areas Establishment Process
3.3 Connections and Inconsistencies in MPA Legislation
3.4 Role of Coastal Communities According to MPA Legislation
4 The Way Forward
References
Chapter 11: Panama Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Study Sites
2.1 Study Site 1: Gulf of Panama, Pacific
2.1.1 Description of the Study Site
2.1.2 Historical Development of Coastal Use
2.1.3 Management Efforts and Challenges
2.2 Study Site 2: Gulf of Chiriquí, Pacific
2.2.1 Description of the Study Site
2.2.2 Historical Development of Coastal Use
2.2.3 Management Efforts and Challenges
2.3 Study Site 3: Bocas del Toro, Caribbean
2.3.1 Description of the Study Site
2.3.2 Historical Development of Coastal Use
2.3.3 Management Efforts and Challenges
2.4 Study Site 4: Guna Yala, Caribbean
2.4.1 Description of the Study Site
2.4.2 Historical Development of Coastal Use
2.4.3 Management Efforts and Challenges
3 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Philippines Case Study Two
1 Introduction
2 Siargao Islands Protected Landscape and Seascape
2.1 Threats and Issues within SIPLAS
2.2 Management Strategies
2.3 Management Structure
3 Sagay Marine Reserve
3.1 Threats and Issues in SMR
3.2 Management Strategies
3.3 Management Structure
4 Masinloc-Oyon Bay Marine Reserve
4.1 Threats and Issues in MOBMR
4.2 Management Strategies
4.3 Management Structure
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Bangladesh Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Major Ecosystem Factors Driving the Occurrence and Spread of Vibrio spp.
2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Water
2.2 Aquatic Biota Acting as Reservoirs or Antagonists
2.3 Role of Particulate and Dissolved Organic Matter
3 Diversified Impacts of Climatic Factors on the Occurrence of Vibrio spp.
3.1 Climatic Regulations on the Metamorphic States of Vibrio Populations
3.2 Drastic Impacts of Cyclone Driven Hydro-ecological Alterations
3.3 Influence of Tidal Dynamics and Sea Surface Height
3.4 Influence of Global Warming
3.5 Salient Impact of Monsoon Rainfall
4 Anthropogenic Impacts Influencing Vibrio Populations
4.1 Influence of Aquaculture Practices
4.2 Impacts of Agriculture Effluent
4.3 Sewage Pollution Impacts
4.4 MDR Spread
4.5 Influence of Socio-economic and Behavioral Factors
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Ghana Case Study Two
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Data Collection
2.4 Assessment of Climate-Induced Risks
2.4.1 Drought Conditions
2.4.2 Flooding Conditions
2.5 Assessment of Climate Vulnerability
3 Results
3.1 Climatic Conditions of the Study Area
3.1.1 Temperature Variations
3.1.2 Rainfall Variations
3.1.3 Changes in Humidity
3.1.4 Changes in the Rate of Evaporation in the Ahanta West District
3.2 Perception of Climate Change Phenomenon in the Study Area
3.3 Exposure of Community Assets to Climate Change Effects
3.4 Vulnerability to Climate Change Effects
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 15: Ecuador Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Historical Development of Fisheries Management and Coastal Conservation in Ecuador and Peru
3 A Continuous Environment Across Political Borders
4 Fishing Target Species Common to Ecuador and Peru
4.1 Threatened Species by Large-Scale Distribution
4.2 Major Fishing Targets and Shared Stocks
5 Economic and Societal Value of Fishery in Ecuador and Peru
6 Antecedents of Bi-national Cooperation Between Ecuador and Peru
7 Challenges and Needs for Trans-boundary Collaboration Towards Sustainable Fisheries Management
Appendix
References
Chapter 16: Thailand Case Study
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Development of Coastal Use, Coastal Resource Management and Conservation in the Gulf of Thailand
1.1.1 Reef Degradation in the Gulf of Thailand: Drivers and Trends
1.1.2 Coastal Management and Fishery Trends in the Gulf of Thailand
1.1.3 Artificial Reefs as a Fishery Management Tool in the Gulf of Thailand
1.2 Case Study: Social-Ecological Assessment of Artificial Reefs in the Gulf of Thailand
1.2.1 Background
1.2.2 Approach
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Field Methods
2.3 Data Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Reef User Community in Chaloklum
3.2 Target Fish and Their Associated Value
3.3 Fish Assemblage on the Metal Structures and Natural Reef Sites
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions, Lessons Learned and Changes in Policy
References
Chapter 17: Peru Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Resource Use Within the Guano Islands MPA: Octopus Fishery in Lobos de Afuera Islands
2.1 Guano Islands MPA
2.2 Small-Scale Fisheries in ILA
2.3 Octopus Fishery in ILA
3 Towards the Sustainable Management of ILA
3.1 Challenges and Successes in Achieving the ILA MPA Objectives
3.1.1 Environmental
3.1.2 Economic
3.1.3 Sociocultural
3.1.4 Institutional
3.2 Pathways Towards a Sustainable Management of ILA
3.2.1 Resume Relation and Dialogue with Octopus Divers Association
3.2.2 Updating the Master Plan
3.2.3 The Creation of a Transversal Committee
3.2.4 Develop a Long-Term (10-20 Years) Interdisciplinary Research Plan
References
Part III: Evaluation and Synopsis
Chapter 18: Evaluation and Synopsis
1 Diagnosis of Important Issues of Tropical Coastal Zone Management and Conservation
2 Challenges for Coastal Zone Management and Lessons Learned
2.1 Adequate Regulatory Frameworks and Appropriate Institutions
2.2 Meaningful Stakeholder Participation and Processes
2.3 Adequate Knowledge Base and Appropriate Communication
2.4 Sustainable Implementation
3 Adaptability of Tropical Coastal Areas to Global and Local Change Impacts on the Tropical Shores
4 Capacity Development and Knowledge Generation in Tropical Coastal Management: Present State and Further Needs
4.1 General Challenges and the Example of ISATEC
4.2 State of the Tropical Coastline, Current Trends, and Needs for Enhancing Research and Capacity Development
References