Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers

Series Preface
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: CSF Cells: Cell Count, Cytomorphology, Cytology, and Immunophenotyping
1 Introduction
2 CSF Cell Count
2.1 Methods
2.2 Interpretation
2.3 Pitfalls
3 Cytomorphology
3.1 Special Cases
3.2 Methods
3.3 Interpretation
3.4 Pitfalls
4 Immunophenotyping of CSF Cells by Flow Cytometry
4.1 Methods
4.2 Immunophenotyping of CSF Leukocytes
4.3 Pitfalls
4.4 Immunophenotyping for Lymphoma in the CNS
5 Clinical Significance of Complementary Cytological Methods
6 Summary
References
Chapter 2: Nephelometry and Turbidimetry: Methods to Quantify Albumin and Immunoglobulins Concentrations in Clinical Neurochem...
1 Introduction
2 Albumin Quotient (QAlb): A Biomakrer of the Blood-CSF Barrier Function
3 IgG, IgA, and IgM Quotients (QIgG/IgA/IgM). Intrathecal Fractions of the Blood-Derived Proteins. Hyperbolic Functions (Reibe...
4 A Couple of Examples of the Patterns of the CSF/Serum Quotients
5 Tips, Difficulties, and Pitfalls
References
Chapter 3: Oligoclonal Bands: Isoelectric Focusing and Immunoblotting, and Determination of κ Free Light Chains in the Cerebro...
1 Oligoclonal Bands
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Immunoglobulin G
1.1.2 History of Intrathecal IgG Detection
1.1.3 Principles of Isoelectric Focusing
1.1.4 Interpretation of IEF
Patterns of Oligoclonal IgG Bands
Definition of OCB Positivity
1.1.5 Application in Clinical Practice
1.2 Materials
1.2.1 Test Reagents
1.2.2 Samples
1.2.3 Storage
1.3 Methods
1.3.1 Gel
1.3.2 Isoelectric Focusing
Preparation of Samples
Preparation of Electrophoresis Chamber and Sample Application
Run
1.3.3 Immunoblotting and -Staining
Mechanical Transfer
Immunolabeling
Staining
1.4 Notes
1.4.1 Note 1
1.4.2 Note 2
1.4.3 Note 3
1.4.4 Note 4
1.4.5 Note 5
1.4.6 Note 6
2 κ Free Light Chains
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 κ Free Light Chains
2.1.2 History of Free Light Chain Detection
2.1.3 Clinical Application
2.2 Materials
2.2.1 Assays
2.2.2 Samples
2.2.3 Storage
2.3 Methods
2.3.1 Principles
Nephelometry
κ-FLC Assays
2.4 Notes
2.4.1 Cross-Reactivity of Anti-κ-FLC Antibodies
2.4.2 Lot-to-Lot Variation
2.4.3 Interference
2.4.4 Antigen Excess
2.4.5 Nonlinearity
2.4.6 Non-reactivity
References
Chapter 4: Abeta CSF LC-MS
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Methods
3.1 Preparation of Solutions
3.2 Preparation of Calibrators
3.3 Preparation of Internal Standard
3.4 Preparation of Response Factor Sample
3.5 Sample Preparation
3.5.1 Note: Thaw Samples to Be Measured at Room Temperature on a Roller
3.6 Solid Phase Extraction
3.7 Liquid Chromatography
3.8 Mass Spectrometric Analysis
3.9 Data Processing
4 Notes
References
Chapter 5: Immunoassay and Mass Spectrometry Methods for Tau Protein Quantification in the Cerebrospinal Fluid
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 ELISA Tau
2.2 CLEIA Tau
2.3 Mass Spectrometry
2.3.1 Tau Standard Preparation
2.3.2 Protein Precipitation
2.3.3 Solid Phase Extraction
2.3.4 Sample Drying
2.3.5 Protein Digestion
2.3.6 LC-MS Analysis
2.3.7 Data Analysis
2.4 Other Supplies
2.5 Other Equipment
3 Method
3.1 Samples
3.2 Preparation of Immunoassay Internal Quality Controls (iQC)
3.3 Immunoassays (ELISA, CLEIA)
3.4 Quality Control (QC)
3.5 Mass Spectrometry
3.5.1 Tau Standards Preparation
3.5.2 Protein Precipitation
3.5.3 Solid Phase Extraction
3.5.4 Sample Drying
3.5.5 Protein Digestion
3.5.6 LC-MS Analysis
3.5.7 Data Analysis
4 Notes
References
Chapter 6: CSF RT-QuIC and the Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 A Brief RT-QuIC Work Plan
2 Materials
2.1 Safe Handling and Disposal of sCJD Brain Homogenates
Important!
3 Methods
3.1 Preparing the Brain Homogenate Controls
3.2 Example Unseeded and Brain Homogenate Controls (Fig. 6.7)
3.2.1 Alternate Positive Control for Category 2 Laboratories
3.3 Example of the Alternate Positive Control in RT-QuIC (Fig. 6.8)
3.3.1 Preparation of Master Mix
3.3.2 Preparation of Master Mix Components
3.3.3 RT-QuIC Buffer Recipes
3.3.4 Example Calculation
3.4 Assembling the RT-QuIC Plate
3.5 Running the RT-QuIC Plate
3.5.1 Summary of RT-QuIC Instrument Protocol
3.6 RT-QuIC Data Analysis
4 Notes
4.1 Troubleshooting RT-QuIC
5 Introduction
5.1 Making Recombinant PrP-Overview
6 Materials
7 Methods
7.1 Making Recombinant PrP-Molecular Biology
7.2 Disclaimer
7.3 Waste Handling
7.4 Gene Sequence
7.5 Making Recombinant PrP- Protein Purification
7.6 ``8DB´´ Denaturing Buffer
7.7 ``6DB´´ Denaturing Buffer
7.8 ``RB´´ Refolding Buffer
7.9 ``EB´´ Elution Buffer
7.10 Cleaning Resin-``DEB´´ Denaturing Elution Buffer
7.11 ``20x DIB´´ (20x Dialysis Buffer)
7.12 NaOH Solution
8 Notes
8.1 Troubleshooting PrP Production
References
Chapter 7: Lumbar Puncture: Consensus Guidelines
1 Introduction
2 Contraindications
3 LP Procedure
3.1 Equipment
3.2 Needle Selection
3.3 Patient Positioning (Lateral Recumbent Position or Seated)
3.4 Needle Insertion
3.5 Measuring CSF Pressure
3.6 Volume of CSF to Be Collected
4 Conclusions: Recommendations
References
Chapter 8: Pre-Analytical Processing and Biobanking Protocol for CSF Samples
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Methods
3.1 Biobanking Protocol
4 Notes
References
Chapter 9: Communicating Complex Results of Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 CSF Contaminated with Blood
3 Correction of CSF Leucocytes in Artificially Bloody CSF
4 Correction of CSF Cells Contaminated with Peripheral Blood Cells
4.1 Simple Correction: Based on CSF Erythrocyte Count
4.2 CBC Leuco: Leucocytes Corrected Using the Blood Differential
4.3 CBC Diff. Leucocytes, Polymorphic and Mononuclear Cells Corrected Using the Blood Differential with WBC Differential Count
5 Correction of CSF Protein Concentration in Blood Contaminated Samples
6 Interpretation of the Antibody Index
7 Biomarkers of Dementia
8 Is CSF Analysis Worth the Effort?
9 Closing Statement
References
Chapter 10: Method and Clinical Validation of Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases
1 Introduction
2 Method Validation
2.1 Robustness
2.2 Precision
2.3 Trueness
2.4 Selectivity
2.5 Measurement Range
2.6 Dilution Linearity and Parallelism
2.7 Stability
2.8 Quality Controls
2.9 Validation Report
3 Clinical Validation
3.1 Biological Variation
3.2 Sensitivity
3.3 Specificity
3.4 Accuracy
3.5 Predictive Values
3.6 The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve
3.7 Likelihood Ratios
3.8 Cut-Point Determination
3.9 Clinical Robustness
4 Closing Remark
References
Chapter 11: Sample Preparation for Proteomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Methods
4 Notes
References
Chapter 12: Brain Biomarkers: Follow-Up of RNA Expression Discovery Approach: CSF Assays for Neurogranin, SNAP-25, and VILIP-1
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Glutamate Dehydrogenase, MW 67 (GAD 67, GAD 1)
3 Myelin-Associated Oligodendrocyte Basic Protein (MOBP)
4 Neurogranin (Ng)
5 Neuroserpin (SerpinI1)
6 Synaptosomal-Associated Protein, MW 25,000 (SNAP-25)
7 (Syndapin-1) Protein Kinase C and Casein Kinase Substrate in Neurons 1
8 Visinin-Like Protein-1 (VILIP-1)
9 Zygin
10 CSF Immunoassay Procedures for Neurogranin, SNAP-25, and VILIP-1
10.1 Assay Methods Overview
10.1.1 Assay Flowchart (Fig. 12.3)
10.2 Materials
10.2.1 Equipment
10.2.2 Supplies
10.2.3 Reagents
10.2.4 Chemicals
10.2.5 Buffers Used for All Assays
10.2.6 Buffers Used for Specific Assays
10.2.7 Capture Antibody Magnetic Microparticle Reagent
10.2.8 Labeled Detection Antibody Reagent Preparation
10.2.9 Quality Control Samples
10.2.10 Assay Standardization
10.3 Assay Preparation
10.3.1 Technical Guidelines
10.3.2 CSF Sample Preparation
10.3.3 Capture Antibody Reagent Preparation
10.3.4 Standard Curve Preparation
10.4 Assay Procedure (All Assays)
10.4.1 Capture Step Setup Protocols
10.4.2 Post-Capture Wash Protocol
10.4.3 Detection Step Protocols
10.4.4 Post-Detection Wash Protocol
10.4.5 Manual Plate 1 to Plate 2 Transfer
10.4.6 Final Aspiration
10.4.7 Detection Antibody Elution Protocol
10.5 Data Analysis
10.5.1 Calculation of Results
10.5.2 Acceptance of Results
10.6 Notes
10.6.1 Evaluating Assay Failure
10.6.2 Adverse Interactions
10.6.3 Biotin Labeling of Capture Antibodies
10.6.4 Degree of Labeling for Alexa Fluor Dye
10.6.5 Strategies for Improving Precision
10.6.6 Assay Throughput
10.7 Summary
References
Chapter 13: Quantification of the Neurofilament Light Chain Protein by Single Molecule Array (Simoa) Assay
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Preparation of Calibrators
2.2 Coating of Beads with Capture Antibody
2.3 Measuring Protocol
3 Method
3.1 Preparation of Calibrators
3.2 Coating of Beads with Capture Antibody (Note 5)
3.3 Measuring Protocol
4 Notes
4.1 Note 1. Intra- and Inter-Assay Precision
4.2 Note 2. Analytical Sensitivity
4.3 Note 3. Parallelism and Selectivity
4.4 Note 4. Assay Stability over Time
4.5 Note 5. Reducing Variability within a Project
4.6 Note 6. Use of EDC
4.7 Note 7. Diluents Preparation
References
Index