Cereal Diseases: Nanobiotechnological Approaches for Diagnosis and Management

Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Identification and Diagnosis
1: An Introduction to Rice Diseases
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fungal Diseases in Rice
1.3 Bacterial Diseases in Rice
1.4 Virus Diseases in Rice
1.5 Nematode Diseases in Rice
1.6 Conclusion
References
2: Bacterial Disease of Rice
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Rice Leaf Blight Disease
2.2.1 Disease Development
2.2.1.1 Leaf Blight Phase
2.2.1.2 Kresek Phase
2.2.2 Rice Bacterial Leaf Blight Management
2.2.3 Chemical Management
2.3 Bacterial Leaf Streak
2.3.1 Disease Development
2.3.2 Management of Bacterial Leaf Streak
2.3.3 Chemical Management
2.4 Bacterial Panicle Blight Disease
2.4.1 Disease Development
2.4.2 Management of Bacterial Panicle Blight Disease
2.4.3 Chemical Management
2.4.4 Molecular Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease of Rice Disease
2.4.4.1 Sample Collection
2.4.4.2 Bacterial DNA Isolation
2.5 Conclusion
References
3: Viral Diseases of Rice
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus
3.2.1 Taxonomic Position and Nucleotide Sequence
3.2.2 Particle Morphology of the Causal Virus
3.2.3 Purification
3.2.4 Disease Symptoms
3.2.5 Diagnostic Techniques
3.2.6 Control/Management of the Disease
3.2.7 Economic Significance
3.2.8 Host Range and Transmission
3.3 Rice Yellow Mottle Virus
3.3.1 Taxonomic Tree
3.3.2 Nucleotide Sequence
3.3.3 Economic Significance
3.3.4 Disease Symptoms
3.3.5 Host Range
3.3.6 Transmission
3.3.7 Purification
3.3.8 Diagnostic Techniques
3.3.9 Particle Morphology of the Causal Virus
3.3.10 Geographic Distribution, Epidemiology, and Yield Losses
3.3.11 Control/Management of the Disease
3.3.11.1 Prevention
3.3.11.2 Chemical Control
3.4 Rice Tungro Disease
3.4.1 Taxonomic Position and Nucleotide Sequence
3.4.1.1 Taxonomic Tree
3.4.1.2 Nucleotide Sequence
3.4.2 Disease Symptoms
3.4.3 Host Range
3.4.4 Transmission
3.4.5 Purification
3.4.6 Diagnostic Techniques
3.4.7 Particle Morphology of the Causal Virus
3.4.8 Geographic Distribution, Epidemiology, and Yield Losses
3.4.9 Control/Management of the Disease
3.4.9.1 Cultural Control/ Biological Control
3.4.9.2 Chemical Control
3.5 Rice Dwarf Virus
3.5.1 Particle Morphology of the Causal Virus
3.5.2 Taxonomic Position and Nucleotide Sequence
3.5.3 Purification
3.5.4 Geographic Distribution, Epidemiology, and Yield
3.5.5 Control/Management of the Disease
3.5.6 Disease Symptoms
3.5.7 Host Range
3.5.8 Transmission
3.5.9 Diagnostic Techniques
3.6 CRISPR and RNAi Tools for Managing Rice Virus Diseases
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Management of Maize Diseases
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Etiology of Different Maize Diseases
4.2.1 Bacterial Diseases
4.2.2 Fungal Diseases
4.2.3 Parasitic Diseases
4.2.4 Viral Diseases
4.3 Management of Maize Diseases
4.3.1 Prevention
4.3.2 Therapy
4.3.3 Other Principles
4.3.4 Studies on Cultural Control
4.3.4.1 Tillage Techniques
4.3.4.2 Agronomic Practices
4.3.5 Cultural Control of Various Maize Diseases
4.3.6 Biological Control
4.3.6.1 Biocontrol of Seed-Borne Fungi Via Actinomycetes
4.3.6.2 Biocontrol of Southern Corn Leaf Blight (SCLB) Via Trichoderma Species
4.3.6.3 Bacillus Species as a Biocontrol Agent Against Fusarium
4.3.6.4 Use of Biopesticides Against Maize Disease
4.3.7 Chemical Control
4.3.7.1 Spraying
4.3.7.2 Chemical Treatment of Seeds
4.3.7.3 Chemical Control for Various Maize Diseases
4.3.7.3.1 Chemical Control for the Downy Mildew of Maize
4.3.7.3.2 Chemical Control of Corn Eyespot
4.3.7.3.3 Chemical Control for Grey Leaf Spot of Corn
4.3.7.3.4 Chemical Control of Northern Corn Leaf Blight (NCLB)
4.3.7.3.5 Chemical Control of Stewart Bacterial Wilt
4.3.7.3.6 Chemical Control for Corn Smut
4.3.7.3.7 Chemical Protection Against Maize Late Wilt
4.3.7.3.8 Chemical Control for Southern Corn Blight (SCLB)
4.3.7.4 Biotechnological Measures
4.3.7.4.1 Advances in Genetic Engineering Against Maize Diseases
RNA Interference Is Being Used to Combat Maize Pathogens
Pathogen´s Counterstrategies Against Plants´ Defence Mechanism
Targeting Genes Against Mycotoxins Produced by Fungi
Use of Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) in Maize
Use of CRISPR-Cas Against Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN)
Use of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reactions (qPCR) to Identify Resistant Genes
Resistance Breeding Against Various Maize Diseases
4.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
5: Viral Diseases of Maize
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Maize Streak Virus (MSV)
5.2.1 Transmission
5.2.2 Symptoms
5.2.3 Control
5.3 Dwarf Mosaic Virus of Maize (MDMV)
5.3.1 Host Range
5.3.2 Transmission
5.3.3 Symptoms
5.3.4 Control
5.4 Maize Stripe Virus
5.4.1 Host Range
5.4.2 Transmission
5.4.3 Symptoms
5.4.4 Control
5.5 Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN)
5.5.1 Host Range
5.5.2 Transmission
5.5.3 Symptoms
5.5.4 Control
5.6 Maize Virus Diseases: Genome Tools
5.7 Conclusion
References
6: Barley Diseases: Introduction, Etiology, Epidemiology, and Their Management
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Barley Diseases and Their Managements
6.2.1 Leaf Rust Disease
6.2.2 Net Blotch Disease
6.2.3 Powdery Mildew
6.2.4 Barley Yellow Dwarf
6.2.5 Barley Smut
6.2.6 Spot Blotch
6.2.7 Molya Disease
6.2.8 Barley Diseases Control Using Fungicides
6.3 Nano Diagnostics for Barley Infections
6.3.1 Nano Diagnostic Kits for Barley Mycotoxins
6.4 Effect of Metallic Oxide Nanoparticulates on the Barley Varieties
6.4.1 Barley Morphology and Seedlings Germination
6.4.2 Barley Genotoxicity
6.5 Effect of Metallic Nanoparticles on the Barley Diseases, Seed Germination, Root, and Shoot System
6.5.1 Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs)
6.5.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
6.5.3 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
6.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Plant Breeding and Diseases Management
7: Identification of a New Susceptibility Gene and Its Role in Plant Immunity
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Difference
7.1.2 Virus Susceptibility Is Determined by Host Factors
7.1.3 Alleles Associated with Host Susceptibility
7.1.4 Susceptibility Genes Have Many Different Types
7.1.5 A Warm Welcome to S Genes That Allow Basic Compatibility
7.1.6 Structure of the Cuticle or Cell Wall
7.1.7 Stomata Serve as Entrance Points
7.1.8 Immune Suppressor-Producing S Genes
7.1.9 Maintaining a Healthy Amount of Salicylic Acid
7.1.10 Susceptible Genes Ensure Long-Term Compatibility
7.2 Role of Susceptibility Gene in Plants
7.2.1 Host Susceptibility Gene (HIPP27) in Arabidopsis
7.2.2 The Jasmonate Response´s Impact on Plant Susceptibility
7.2.3 The Function and Control of Programmed Cell Death in Plant-Pathogen Interactions
7.2.4 Targeting Susceptibility with Genome Editing Plant Disease Resistance Genes
7.3 Identification of Susceptible Gene
7.3.1 Identification of Susceptibility Gene for Antibiotic Sensitivity
7.3.2 Function of Susceptibility Gene
7.4 S Gene Is More Durable than R Gene
References
8: Breeding Strategies for Developing Disease-Resistant Wheat: Present, Past, and Future
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Disease´s Epidemics and Their Impact on Productivity
8.3 Genepools Contribution in Disease Management
8.4 New Breeding Tools to Attain Higher Disease Resistance
8.4.1 Pathogen-Resistant Germplasm
8.4.2 Identifying New R Genes Using High-Throughput Genomic Approaches
8.4.3 Expanding NLR Recognition Specificity Through BSR Genes Engineering
8.4.4 GWAS: A Step Ahead Toward Wheat Breeding
8.4.5 Speed Breeding
8.4.6 Genome Editing (GE)
8.4.7 RNA Interface (RNAi) Silencing
8.4.8 CRISPR/Cas9 and Disease Resistance: A Way Forward to More Reliability
8.5 Concluding Remarks
References
9: Potential Breeding Strategies for Developing Disease-Resistant Barley: Progress, Challenges, and Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Major Diseases of Barley
9.2.1 Powdery Mildew
9.2.2 Rusts
9.2.2.1 Black Stem Rust
9.2.2.2 Crown Rust
9.2.2.3 Yellow (Stripe) Rust
9.2.2.4 Leaf (Brown) Rust
9.2.3 Spot Blotch
9.2.4 Stripe Disease
9.2.5 Net Blotch
9.2.6 Smut Diseases
9.2.6.1 Loose Smut
9.2.6.2 Covered Smut
9.2.7 Barley Yellow Dwarf Disease
9.3 Sources of Disease-Resistant Genes
9.4 Breeding Approaches for Disease Resistance
9.5 Molecular Breeding Approaches for Disease Resistance
9.6 Conclusion
References
10: Economic and Eco-friendly Alternatives for the Efficient and Safe Management of Wheat Diseases
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Well-Reported Eco-friendly Approaches Used in Wheat Disease Management
10.2.1 Applying of Biogenic Nanoparticles
10.2.2 Harnessing of Beneficial Microorganisms (Biological Control)
10.2.3 Applying of Plant Extracts
10.2.4 Cultivar Mixtures for Wheat Disease Management
10.2.5 Estimation of Plant Resistance Inducers´ Mitigating Effect Against Wheat Phytopathogens
10.2.6 Biofumigation for the Safe Management of Wheat Diseases
10.3 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future
References
Part III: Genome Editing
11: Resistance Gene Identification, Cloning, and Characterization in Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Identification of Resistant Genes for Plant Diseases
11.3 Mechanism of Resistance Gene
11.3.1 Different Identified R Genes and Their Resistance Mechanisms
11.4 Genetics of Resistance
11.4.1 Race-Specific or Vertical Disease Resistance
11.4.2 Non-race-Specific or Horizontal Disease Resistance
11.5 Gene Cloning
11.5.1 MutMap Technique
11.6 Resistance Gene Analogs (RGA) Identification and Characterization Through In Silico Analysis
11.6.1 Characterization of RGAs
11.7 Conclusion
References
12: The Role of Genetic, Genomic, and Breeding Approaches in the Fight Against Fungal Diseases in Wheat
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Conventional Breeding and Factors Affecting Disease Resistance
12.3 Role of Genomics in Wheat Breeding to Combat Fungal Threats
12.4 Role of Genetics in Fungal Disease Management
12.4.1 Speed Breeding
12.4.2 MAS
12.4.3 RNAi (RNA Interference)
12.4.4 Genome Editing
12.5 Concluding Remarks
References
13: Disease Resistance Genes´ Identification, Cloning, and Characterization in Plants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Resistance Genes
13.3 NBS-LRR Class of R Genes in Plants
13.4 Resistance Gene Analogs (RGAs)
13.5 Resistance Genes in Cereals
13.6 Resistance Genes´ Identification, Cloning, and Characterization
13.7 Conclusion
References
14: Utilization of Biosensors in the Identification of Bacterial Diseases in Maize
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biosensors
14.3 Mechanism of Biosensors
14.4 Biosensor Types
14.4.1 Enzymatic Biosensors
14.4.2 Chemical Biosensors
14.4.3 Biological Sensors
14.4.4 Mass Biosensors
14.5 Biosensors to Detect Pathogens
14.5.1 Biosensor Applications in Zea mays
14.5.1.1 Bacterial Detection Biosensors in Maize
14.6 Nanosensors
14.7 Nanobiosensors
14.8 Carbon Nanotubes
14.9 Conclusions
References
Part IV: Nanobiotechnology
15: Nanomaterials for Integrated Crop Disease Management
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanoparticles: Types, Synthesis, and Classification
15.3 Cereal Disease and NPs Interaction
15.3.1 Nano-pesticide
15.3.2 Nano-fertilizers
15.4 Bioavailability, Concentration, and Toxicity of the Nanoparticles
15.5 Fate and Safety Aspects of Nanoparticles
15.6 Conclusion
References
16: Metallic Nanoparticles and Nano-Based Bioactive Formulations as Nano-Fungicides for Sustainable Disease Management in Cere...
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Cu Nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) Fungicides Against Fusarium
16.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles
16.2.2 Antifungal Activity of Cu-NPs Toward Fusarium
16.3 Iron Nanoparticle Biofabrication and Fungicidal Properties
16.3.1 Plant Extracts Are Used to Produce Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
16.3.1.1 FeNPs Characterization
16.4 Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
16.4.1 Biomaterial Preparation
16.4.2 Phytosynthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles
16.4.3 Formation of Zinc Nanoparticles
16.4.4 Characterization of ZnNPs
16.4.5 Antifungal Activity of ZnONPs
16.4.5.1 Fungi Treated with Zinc Nanoparticles Under Microscope
16.4.5.2 Effects of ZnONPs on Fungal Mycelia as Examined by SEM
16.5 Metallic MgO Nanoparticles
16.5.1 Synthesis of MgONPs
16.5.2 Characterization of MgO Nanoparticles
16.5.3 Fungitoxic Mechanism of MgO Nanomaterials
16.5.4 Repression of Conidial Spore Germination and Sporangium Formation
16.5.5 Direct Physical Connection of Nanoparticles with Fungal Cells
16.5.6 Membrane Destabilization in Fungal Cells
16.6 Fungal Cells´ Oxidative Stress Responding
16.7 Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Flow Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity
16.8 Pectinase-Responsive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Carriers (MSNPs)
16.8.1 Pro@MSN-Pec Synthesis and Characterization
16.8.2 Pro@MSN-Pec Fungicidal Activity
16.8.3 MSNPs Translocation in Rice Plants
16.8.4 Pro Distribution in Rice Plants
16.8.5 Pro Residues in Various Sections of Rice or Soil Below Field Conditions
16.9 Conclusion
References
17: Applications of Nano-Biotechnological Approaches in Diagnosis and Protection of Wheat Diseases
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Nano-Biotechnology Concept and Advancement
17.2.1 Types of Nanoparticles
17.2.2 Nano-Biotechnology: Potential Roles in Wheat Diseases Management
17.3 Nano-Biotechnological Approaches for Diagnosis of Wheat Diseases
17.3.1 Quantum Dot Nanoparticles-Based Approach
17.3.2 Metal Nanoparticles-Based Approach
17.3.3 Nano-Structured Platforms-Based Approach
17.3.4 Nanofabrication Imaging Approach
17.3.5 Nano-Biosensor Based Approach
17.3.6 Nano-Diagnostic Kit-Based Approach
17.4 Protection/Management of Wheat Diseases Through Nano-Biotechnological Approaches
17.4.1 Nanoparticles: Relocation in Wheat Plants
17.4.2 Nanoparticles Towards Protection of Wheat Diseases
17.5 Adverse Effects of Nanomaterials
17.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
18: Nanomaterials for the Reduction of Mycotoxins in Cereals
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereals
18.3 Toxicities of Mycotoxins in Human Organism
18.4 Conventional Methods of Managing Mycotoxins in Cereals
18.4.1 Biological Methods
18.4.2 Chemical Methods
18.4.3 Physical Methods
18.5 Nanomaterials as Mycotoxin Detoxification Tools in Cereals
18.5.1 Detoxification by Targeting Mycotoxinogenic Molds or Adsorption of Mycotoxins
18.5.2 Detoxification of Mycotoxins by Photocatalysis
18.6 Factors Affecting Mycotoxin Detoxification by NMs
18.6.1 Effect of Temperature
18.6.2 Effect of the Nature of the NMs and Their Quantity
18.6.3 Effect of UV Irradiation
18.6.4 Effect of Initial Mycotoxin Concentration
18.6.5 Effect of pH
18.6.6 Effect of Reaction Time
18.7 Conclusion
References