Cemented Carbides

Front Cover
CEMENTED CARBIDES
CEMENTED CARBIDES
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 - The history of the invention and early development of cemented carbides
References
2 - Classification and general characteristics of cemented carbides
References
Further reading
3 - Materials science of cemented carbides
3.1 General overview of the W–C–Co and related phase diagrams
3.2 Some important sections of the W–C–Co phase diagram
3.3 General overview of the W–C–Ni phase diagram
3.4 General overview of the W–C–Fe–Ni phase diagram
3.5 General overview of the W–C–Ti–Ta(Nb)–Co phase diagrams
References
Further reading
4 - Refractory carbides employed in the fabrication of cemented carbides
4.1 Tungsten carbides
4.2 Carbides of the Ti–Ta–Nb–W–C system
References
5 - Structure and properties of binder phases in cemented carbides
5.1 Co-based binders
5.2 Ni-based binders
5.3 Fe-based binders
5.4 Alternative binders
References
6 - Materials engineering of cemented carbides
6.1 Technological processes for fabrication of tungsten metal and tungsten carbide powders
6.1.1 Fabrication of tungsten metal powders
6.1.2 Fabrication of tungsten carbide powders
6.2 Technological processes for fabrication of (W,Ti,Ta(Nb))C powders and powders of grain growth inhibitors
6.3 Technological processes for fabrication of cobalt powders
6.4 Technological processes for fabrication of cemented carbide graded powders
6.4.1 Milling in attritor mills
6.4.2 Milling in ball mills
6.5 Granulation of graded powders
6.5.1 Build-up granulation
6.5.2 Fluidized bed granulation
6.5.3 Spray granulation
6.6 Technological processes for fabrication of cemented carbide green bodies
6.6.1 Pressing in dies
6.6.2 Cold isostatic pressing (wet and dry bag pressing)
6.6.2.1 Wet isostatic pressing (wet bag)
6.6.2.2 Dry isostatic pressing (dry bag)
6.6.3 Extrusion
6.6.4 Shaping green carbide compacts
6.7 Technological processes for sintering cemented carbide articles
6.7.1 Dewaxing and presintering
6.7.2 Introduction on theoretical bases of liquid-phase sintering
6.7.3 Processes occurring during sintering of WC–Co cemented carbides
6.7.4 Special features of sintering WC–TiC–TaC–(NbC)–Co cemented carbides
6.7.5 Special features of sintering cemented carbides with alternative binders
References
7 - Major methods for controlling cemented carbides in the manufacture
7.1 Examination of cemented carbide microstructures
7.2 Examination of magnetic properties
7.2.1 Measurement of the coercive force
7.2.2 Measurement of the magnetic moment or magnetic saturation
7.3 Examination of mechanical properties in the carbide manufacture
7.3.1 Transverse rupture strength
7.3.2 Vickers hardness
7.3.3 Rockwell hardness
7.3.4 Palmqvist fracture toughness
7.4 Examination of wear resistance of cemented carbides
7.5 Examination of high-temperature properties of cemented carbides
References
Further Reading
8 - Final processing of carbides articles and deposition of wear-resistant coatings
8.1 Grinding
8.2 Brazing and assembling
8.2.1 Brazing
8.2.2 Furnace brazing
8.2.3 Induction brazing
8.2.4 Flame brazing
8.2.5 Assembling
8.2.6 Shrink fitting
8.2.7 Adhesive joining
8.3 Coatings obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
8.4 Coatings obtained by physical vapor deposition (PVD)
8.4.1 Electron beam evaporation (ion plating)
8.4.2 Electric arc evaporation
8.4.3 Magnetron sputtering
References
9 - The influence of compositions and microstructural parameters on properties and applications of WC–Co cemented c ...
9.1 Cobalt content and mean WC grain size
9.2 Uniformity of microstructure
9.3 Carbon content
9.4 Composition and state of the binder phase
9.5 Origin of tungsten carbide powders
9.6 Inhibitors of WC grain growth
9.7 Shape and contiguity of WC grains
9.8 Impurities and contaminations
References
10 - Conventional industrial grades of cemented carbides
References
11 - Current range of advanced uncommon industrial grades of cemented carbides
11.1 Functionally graded cemented carbides
11.1.1 Functionally graded WC–Co cemented carbides
11.1.2 Functionally graded cemented carbides with cubic carbide depleted near-surface layers
11.2 Nanostructured cemented carbides
11.3 Industrial cemented carbides with nanograin reinforced binder
11.4 Cemented carbides with alloyed binder phases
11.5 Cemented carbide substrates in combination with layers of polycrystalline diamond
11.6 Cemented carbides with Co-enriched surface layers
References
12 - Applications of cemented carbides and mechanisms of their wear and degradation
12.1 Metal cutting
12.2 Mining and oil-and-gas drilling
12.2.1 Rock drilling
12.2.2 Rock- and coal cutting
12.3 Construction
12.4 Wear parts
12.5 Metal forming
12.6 Rolling and drawing of wires and bars
12.7 High-pressure high-temperature components
References
13 - Recycling cemented carbides
13.1 Full chemical recycling
13.2 Leaching carbide binders
13.3 Zinc reclaim process
13.4 Cold stream process
References
14 - Modeling cemented carbides
14.1 Modeling the structure of cemented carbides on the micro-, nano- and atomic level by ab initio calculations
14.2 Modeling mechanical properties of and degradation processes in cemented carbides
14.3 Modeling the stress distribution in cemented carbide articles
14.3.1 Principal stresses
14.3.2 von Mises stresses
14.3.3 Modeling of compaction
14.3.4 Furnace gas flow model
14.3.5 Stress distribution model
14.3.6 Braze stress model
14.3.7 Impact model
14.3.8 Stress distribution in high-pressure high-temperature components
References
15 - Major trends in the research and development of cemented carbides
15.1 Grain boundary design
15.2 In situ examinations of deformation and thermal processes in cemented carbides in transmission electron microscopes
15.3 Micromechanical testing of cemented carbides
15.4 Additive manufacturing of cemented carbide articles
15.5 Diamond-enhanced cemented carbides
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
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