This book presents data on thermodynamic characteristics from 4 to 580 K cellulose acetates and cellulose nitrates, as well as the major plasticizers for these polymers, the temperatures of their relaxation and phase transitions, the effect of plasticizers on these characteristics of cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate and the solubility of plasticizers in polymers. On the basis of the data obtained, diagrams of the physical states of the cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate - plasticizer systems were constructed and analyzed in a wide range of temperatures and throughout the concentration range of the components. Additionally, the authors examine how the growth of CO2 emissions efforts led to the necessity for green material solutions that fit into a sustainable development policy and low environmental impact. The major barriers to produce cellulose-based products from agricultural residues are the heterogeneity of the raw material, the experimental conditions reproducibility, the heterogeneous phase of the synthesis reaction, the difficulty of purification, the effluent disposal, and the control of the product quality. In the closing study, the authors provide a comprehensive review of electrospun nanofibres from different types of polymers with synthesized montmorillonite clays. Loading activated natural bentonite clay into any type of polymer can improve the adsorption property of electrospun nanofibres, but the bentonite clay must be well dispersed, suspended and loaded to achieve any benefit. This study may pave the way for further use of electrospun nanofibres loaded with clay in a wide variety of environmental and medical applications
Author(s): Calvin Roberson
Series: Chemistry Research and Applications
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 190
City: Hauppauge
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Thermodynamics of Acetates and Nitrates of Cellulose and Their Plastification
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Thermodynamics and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Cellulose Acetates
2.1. Heat Capacity, Thermodynamic Functions and Relaxation Transitions of Cellulose Acetate of Various Degrees of Esterification
2.2. Effect of the Degree of Esterification of Cellulose Acetate on Its Thermochemical Characteristics
3. Thermodynamics and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Cellulose Nitrates
3.1. Heat Capacity, Thermodynamic Functions and Relaxation Transitions of Cellulose Nitrate with a Different Content of Nitro Groups
3.2. Effect of the Content of Nitro Groups in Cellulose Nitrate on Its Structure
4. Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Functions of Plastificators for Cellulose Acetates and Nitrates
4.1. Nitrates of Glycerol, Di- and Triethylene Glycol
4.2. Phthalic Acid Esters
4.3. Triphenyl Phosphate
4.4. Triacetin
4.5. Castor Oil
5. Solubility of Plastificators in Acetates and Nitrates of Cellulose
5.1. Determination of the Solubility of Plasticizers in Acetates and Nitrates of Cellulose Calorimetrically and by Differential Thermal Analysis
5.2. Effect of Temperature on the Solubility of Plasticizers in Acetates and Nitrates of Cellulose
5.3. Effect of Dibutyl Phthalate on the Structure of Cellulose Nitrate
6. The Diagrams of Physical States of Plastified Acetates and Nitrates of Cellulose
6.1. Triple Systems of Cellulose Acetate – A Mixture of Plasticizers
6.2. Three- and Four-Component Plasticized Mixtures of Cellulose Diacetate and Block Polyurethane
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2
Cellulose Diacetate Matrices in the Luminescent Analysis of Ecotoxicants
Abstract
Introduction
1. Solid-Phase Matrices Based on Cellulose Diacetate
1.1. Physicochemical Properties of the Initial and Modified Solutions of Cellulose Acetate
1.2. Optimization of the Composition of the Casting Mixture to Prepare Cellulose Diacetate Matrices for Solid-Surface Fluorescence
1.3. Morphological, Surface-Energy, Physicochemical and Physicomechanical Characteristics of Solid-Phase Cellulose Diacetate Matrices
2. Sorption and Fluorescence of Various Fluorophores on the Surface of Polysaccharide Matrices
2.1. Fluorescence of Hydrophilic Probes in Aqueous Solutions and on the Surface of Polysaccharide Matrices
2.2. Pyrene Fluorescence in Water–Ethanol and Water–Micellar Solutions and on Polysaccharide Matrices after Sorption Concentration
3. Effect of the Surfactant Nature and Concentration on Pyrene Sorption from Aqueous Micellar Solution and Fluorescence in the Solid Phase of Cellulose Diacetate Films
4. Solvent Effect on the Sorption and Solid-Surface Fluorescence of Pyrene on Cellulose Diacetate Films
5. Quantitative Pyrene Analysis in Model Aqueous Solutions Using Solid-Surface Fluorescence
6. A Technological Scheme for the Preparation and Application of Test Systems Based on Cellulose Diacetate Matrices
Conclusion
References
Biographical Sketches
Chapter 3
Production of Cellulose Acetate from Agricultural Residues
Abstract
Introduction
1. Use of Agricultural Residues in the Green Chemistry and Sustainability Concepts
2. Synthesis of Cellulose Acetate from Agricultural Residues
2.1. Sugarcane
2.2. Cotton
2.3. Rice
2.4. Wheat
2.5. Banana
2.6. Oil Palm
2.7. Corn
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Preparation of Sodium-Activated Natural Bentonite Clay Incorporated Cellulose Acetate Nanofibres by Free Surface Electrospinning and Its Proposed Applications
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Materials
BC Purification and Activation
Chemical Analysis of BC
Fabrication of CA/BC Composite Nanofibrous Fabrics
Viscosity, Surface Tension and Electrical Conductivity Measurements
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Nanoscale EDX Mapping
Structure and Thermal Analysis of CA/BC Composite Nanofibrous Fabrics
Results and Discussion
Purification, Activation and Suspension of BC
Electrospinning of CA/BC Composite Nanofibrous Fabrics
Morphology of HCl Purified and Na2CO3 Activated BC and CA/BC Composite Nanofibres
Viscosity, Surface Tension and Electrical Conductivity of CA/BC Solutions
Structure and Thermal Properties of CA/BC Composite Nanofibrous Fabrics
Future Perspectives
What Is the Problem with the Existing Adsorption Process?
What Is the Need?
Why Should the Current Users Change to a Different Process?
How Viable Is It to Use the New Nanofibrous Membrane in the Particular Application?
Outlooks
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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